Suraj Kumar Chaurasiya,1,2 Ashi Khurana,3 Tanvi Soni3 1Department of Optometry and Vision Science, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Contact Lens and Anterior ...Segment, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Anterior Segment and Refractive Services, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCorrespondence: Suraj Kumar Chaurasiya, Assistant Professor and Consultant Optometrist, C L Gupta Eye Institute, Ram Ganga Vihar Phase II (Extn), Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, 244001, India, Tel +91-8809893186, Email csurajk414@gmail.com
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Silymarin on serum lysozyme concentrations, complement and betalysin activity in broiler chickens. In this experiment 144 ...one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were used. All chicks were divided in four groups of 36 birds each: Group 1: Basal diet (BD) with no supplementation of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Silymarin; Group 2: BD with 1.0% Silymarin; Group 3: BD with 3.0 mg/kg OTA; Group 4: BD with 3.0 mg/kg OTA plus 1.0% Silymarin. It was found that lysozyme concentration in the 2nd group there is a significant difference to groups 3 and 4. The immunosuppressive effect of Ochratoxin A is underlined but no protective effect of Silymarin in the group 4 was found. The alternative pathway of complement activation (APCA) is affected in the group 4. Betalysine there is a significant decreasing in the group 3 but slightly increasing of Betalysine in 4th group. Based on these results it can be concluded that OTA there is an immunosuppressive effect on the studied traits and there is a positive effect of Silymarin only on serum betalysine.
Lysozyme is present in most organisms in the world, in which it performs highly important protective biological functions. The native form of this enzyme is a monomer that destroys Gram-positive ...bacteria by breaking the glycosidic bonds β(1–4); in its dimeric form, which is achieved after modification of the monomer, it gains completely new valuable properties, such as bacteriostatic activity against Gram-negative bacteria and medical properties. Such properties are exhibited by lysozyme from every known source, including chicken egg white, which can be commercially obtained. Native lysozyme obtained from hen egg white (HEWL) and its modified forms have highly valuable protective properties, particularly in food storage but also in other areas, such as medicine, pharmacology and veterinary medicine.
In this review, the basic properties of the native lysozyme of chicken egg whites are characterized, and new research findings are shown. This review introduces the main methods of isolating and modifying this enzyme, as well as the practical uses of various forms of this protein. This work also highlights the importance of conducting further research on the modification of lysozyme in order to fully realize its potential.
Key Findings and Conclusion: The lysozyme monomer is a natural agent that exhibits powerful antimicrobial properties. Against Gram-positive bacteria. As a result of specific modifications that change the structure of the lysozyme molecule, however, the potential of the enzyme increases significantly. The presented methods, including entirely new methods, enable the transformation of lysozyme into a new oligomeric form of the enzyme (with different degrees of oligomerization and different hydrophobicity) with new properties, including action against Gram-negative bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. New possibilities for the use of this form of lysozyme in the food industry, as well as in medicine and veterinary medicine, are discussed.
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•Research Highlights:•Structure, basic properties of lysozyme and sources of enzyme was reviewed.•Methods of lysozyme production were presented.•New forms of lysozyme were compared in detail.•Potential of lysozyme was discussed.
Although incurable pathologies associated with the formation of highly ordered fibrillar protein aggregates called amyloids have been known for about two centuries, functional roles of amyloids have ...been studied for only two decades. Recently, we identified functional amyloids in plants. These amyloids formed using garden pea Pisum sativum L. storage globulin and vicilin, accumulated during the seed maturation and resisted treatment with gastric enzymes and canning. Thus, vicilin amyloids ingested with food could interact with mammalian proteins. In this work, we analyzed the effects of vicilin amyloids on the fibril formation of proteins that form pathological amyloids. We found that vicilin amyloids inhibit the fibrillogenesis of these proteins. In particular, vicilin amyloids decrease the number and length of lysozyme amyloid fibrils; the length and width of β-2-microglobulin fibrils; the number, length and the degree of clustering of β-amyloid fibrils; and, finally, they change the structure and decrease the length of insulin fibrils. Such drastic influences of vicilin amyloids on the pathological amyloids’ formation cause the alteration of their toxicity for mammalian cells, which decreases for all tested amyloids with the exception of insulin. Taken together, our study, for the first time, demonstrates the anti-amyloid effect of vicilin fibrils and suggests the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
Toad venom is a traditional Chinese medicine with high medicinal value. The existing quality evaluation standards of toad venom have obvious limitations because of the lack of research on proteins. ...Thus, it is necessary to screen suitable quality markers and establish appropriate quality evaluation methods for toad venom proteins to guarantee their safety and efficacy in clinical applications. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and cytotoxicity assays were used to analyze differences in protein components of toad venom from different areas. Functional proteins were screened as potential quality markers by proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. The protein components and small molecular components of toad venom were not correlated in content. Additionally, the protein component had strong cytotoxicity. Proteomics analysis showed that 13 antimicrobial proteins, four anti-inflammatory and analgesic proteins, and 20 antitumor proteins were differentially expressed extracellular proteins. A candidate list of functional proteins was coded as potential quality markers. Moreover, Lysozyme C-1, which has antimicrobial activity, and Neuropeptide B (NPB), which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, were identified as potential quality markers for toad venom proteins. Quality markers can be used as the basis of quality studies of toad venom proteins and help to construct and improve safe, scientific, and comprehensive quality evaluation methods.
In this study, a polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane was first hydrolyzed and then functionalized with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (P-Tris), then used as an affinity nanofiber membrane for ...lysozyme adsorption in membrane chromatography. The dynamic adsorption behavior of lysozyme was investigated in a flow system under various operating parameters, including adsorption pHs, initial feed lysozyme concentration, loading flow rate, and the number of stacked membrane layers. Four different kinetic models, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, were applied to experimental data from breakthrough curves of lysozyme. The results showed that the dynamic adsorption results were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The breakthrough curve experimental results show significant differences in the breakthrough time, the dynamic binding capacity, the length of the mass transfer zone, and the utilization rate of the membrane bed under different operating parameters. Four dynamic adsorption models (i.e., Bohart–Adams, Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, and BDST models) were used to analyze the breakthrough curve characteristics of the dynamic adsorption experiments. Among them, the Yoon–Nelson model was the best model to fit the breakthrough curve. However, some of the theoretical results based on the Thomas and Bohart–Adams model analyses of the breakthrough curve fit well with the experimental data, with an error percentage of <5%. The Bohart–Adams model has the largest difference from the experimental results; hence it is not suitable for breakthrough curve analysis. These results significantly impact dynamic kinetics studies and breakthrough curve characteristic analysis in membrane bed chromatography.
Despite extensive investigation of the irreversible oxidations undergone by proteins in vitro and in vivo, the products formed from the oxidation of Trp residues remain incompletely understood. ...Recently, we characterized a ditryptophan cross-link produced by the recombination of hSOD1-tryptophanyl radicals generated from attack of the carbonate radical produced during the bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity of the enzyme. Here, we examine whether the ditryptophan cross-link is produced by the attack of the carbonate radical on proteins other than hSOD1. To this end, we treated hen egg white lysozyme with photolytically and enzymatically generated carbonate radical. The radical yields were estimated and the lysozyme modifications were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, western blot, enzymatic activity and MS/MS analysis. Lysozyme oxidation by both systems resulted in its inactivation and dimerization. Lysozyme treated with the photolytic system presented monomers oxidized to hydroxy-tryptophan at Trp28 and Trp123 and N-formylkynurenine at Trp28, Trp62 and Trp123. Lysozyme treated with the enzymatic system rendered monomers oxidized to N-formylkynurenine at Trp28. The dimers were characterized as lysozyme-Trp28-Trp28-lysozyme and lysozyme-Trp28-Trp32-hSOD1. The results further demonstrate that the carbonate radical is prone to causing biomolecule cross-linking and hence, may be a relevant player in pathological mechanisms. The possibility of exploring the formation of ditryptophan cross-links as a carbonate radical biomarker is discussed.
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•Lysozyme (Lyso) was oxidized by photolytically- or hSOD1-generated carbonate radical.•Oxidation resulted in Lyso inactivation and covalent dimerization.•Lyso monomer was oxidized at Trp28,62 and 123 by photolysis and at Trp28 by hSOD1.•Lyso and Lyso-hSOD1 dimers bound by a ditryptophan cross-link were characterized by MS.•The tendency of the carbonate radical to promote cross-links is confirmed.
For human and chicken lysozyme, the relationship between changes in the parameters of enzyme adsorption on living
Escherichia coli
bacterial cells and the value of its effective bacteriolytic ...activity in the presence of glycine and charged amino acids is studied. It is shown for both human and chicken lysozyme that free amino acids added to a concentration of 1.5 mM for glycine or 5.0 mM for glutamate, aspartate, histidine, arginine, and lysine reduce the desorption constant of the enzyme on bacterial cells by factors of 1.4 to 2.0. At the same time, an increase in the bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme by factors of 1.5 to 1.9 is also observed. Thus, the enhancement of antibacterial activity in the presence of glycine and charged amino acids can be explained by the improvement in the productive sorption of the enzyme on the substrate of the bacterial cells.
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•Cysteine, aspartic and glutamic acids play a dominant role in zinc-lysozyme binding interactions.•Zinc ions increase the lysozyme effectiveness by stabilizing the lysozyme ...structure.•Zn-lysozyme complex shows promise candidate for combating bacterial infections.
In the research presented in this manuscript, an intricate study has been carried out on the interaction of zinc ions with the hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) protein. Utilizing a spectroscopic technique, the alterations that arise due to the binding of Zn2+ to the HEWL were scrutinized, underscoring the paramount significance of deprotonated carboxyl and thiol groups in the process of binding. The binding phenomena were substantiated using capillary electrophoresis integrated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). Further spectrometric assessments (MALDI-TOF MS and FT-ICR-MS) shed light on the direct interaction of zinc ions with the functional groups of the protein. Importantly, high-resolution FT-ICR-MS techniques elucidated the capability of a single protein molecule to bind to multiple zinc ions. The empirically derived spectroscopic data received additional confirmation via a molecular docking study of the Zn2+ binding process, which highlighted a substantial affinity between the predicted 3D model of zinc-lysozyme complexes. Predominantly, the interaction between the bound entities was observed at the cysteine residues. Lastly, the conducted antimicrobial tests revealed that the zinc-lysozyme complexes manifest an inhibitory effect against bacterial (E. coli and S. aureus) and yeast (C. albicans) strains.
Lysozymes play a key role in innate immune response to bacterial pathogens, catalyzing the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. In this study, the genes encoding the c-type ...(TmLyzc) and g-type (TmLyzg) lysozymes from Totoaba macdonaldi were cloned and characterized. The cDNA sequences of TmLyzg and TmLyzc were 582 and 432 bp, encoding polypeptides of 193 and 143 amino acids, respectively. Amino acid sequences of these lysozymes shared high identity (60–90%) with their counterparts of other teleosts and showed conserved functional-structural signatures of the lysozyme superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship with their vertebrate homologues but distinct evolutionary paths for each lysozyme. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR revealed that TmLyzc was expressed in stomach and pyloric caeca, while TmLyzg was highly expressed in stomach and heart. These results suggest that both lysozymes play important roles in defense of totoaba against bacterial infections or as digestive enzyme.
•The cDNA sequences of T. macdonaldi g-type and c-type lysozymes were characterized.•Both lysozymes showed characteristic signatures of the lysozyme superfamily.•Phylogenetic analysis supported a divergent evolution from a common ancestral gene.•Both lysozyme genes were ubiquitously expressed in different tissues of totoaba.
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