Pengguna jalan yang paling rentan (vulnerable road users) adalah pejalan kaki, pengguna kendaraan tidak bermotor, anak-anak, dan manusia lanjut usia (manula). Masalah keselamatan lalu lintas tidak ...hanya terbatas bahwa tidak adanya kecelakaan, namun lebih luas yaitu terciptanya lingkungan yang aman dan nyaman bagi para pengguna jalan. Berdasarkan kesepahaman internasional mengenai keselamatan lalu lintas yang tertuang dalam Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP), keselamatan lalu lintas telah melibatkan elemenelemen pemerintah, bisnis, dan masyarakat sipil dengan tujuan utama untuk meningkatkan kesadaran tentang pentingnya keselamatan dan menurunkan angka kematian serta luka-luka akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas secara berkesinambungan terutama pada negara-negara berkembang dan transisi. Untuk menekan angka kecelakaan lalu lintas dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan dan mengimplementasikan hasil audit keselamatan jalan, melalui jalan yang pemaaf yang mampu meminimalisir keparahan korban apabila terjadi tabrakan (forgiving road), jalan yang mampu menjelaskan maksud tanpa komunikasi (self-explaining road), dan jalan yang mampu menciptakan kepatuhan tanpa peringatan (self-regulating road). Salah satu faktor penyebab kecelakaan lalu lintas adalah perilaku kelalaian manusia (human error) dan tingginya kecepatan kendaraan yang melampaui batas kecepatan yang ditetapkan (speeding). Strategi yang dapat diterapkan dalam rangka mengurangi pelanggaran batas kecepatan maksimum (speeding) yaitu dengan cara membatasi kecepatan maksimum kendaraan. Berdasar hasil analisis dari percentile 85th dan probabilitas tingkat fatalitas pejalan kaki saat ditabrak kendaraan, diperoleh nilai batas kecepatan pada jam masuk/pulang sekolah sebesar 30 km/jam dan 50 km/jam untuk di luar jam sekolah pada medan datar dan lurus. Untuk ruas Jalan Mayor Jenderal Sungkono km 5 di depan Kampus Fakultas Teknik Unsoed Blater sepanjang 150 m ditetapkan nilai batas kecepatan maksimum sebesar 40 km/jam. Hasil analisis audit keselamatan jalan selanjutnya diimplementasikan di lapangan dengan memasang rambu lalu lintas. Penentuan titik lokasi pemasangan rambu batas kecepatan maksimum dan rambu petunjuk penyeberangan jalan dikoordinasikan dan melibatkan pihak Balai Pengelola Sarana Prasarana Perhubungan Wilayah V, Dinas Perhubungan, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Terdapat empat buah rambu lalu lintas yang dipasang di ruas Jalan Mayor Jenderal Sungkono km 5, Blater yaitu dua buah rambu batas kecepatan maksimum 40 km/jam dan dua buah rambu petunjuk penyeberangan jalan.
Natural and cultural landscapes contain many ecosystems that produce natural and cultural values in different geographies of the earth. Recently, ecosystem services have been handled by researchers ...from different disciplines, which generally could be explained as benefits from ecosystems. The mapping of these benefits and services produced by numerous ecosystems around the world provides an opportunity to express not only ecosystem potential and environmental factors associated with it, but also it is a very effective way of spatial expression of ecosystem services. In this research, social media photographs were used to model the spatial distribution of cultural ecosystem services. In the study carried out in Eskişehir province, geographically marked photographs tagged with the name Eskişehir in Flickr application on social media were evaluated and associated with environmental variables. ArcGIS as software based on geographical information system and MaxEnt is based on maximum entropy were integrated to each other for modelling cultural ecosystem services. According to this; land cover and land use are associated with roads, streams, cultural and natural landscape characteristics and have been modelled by combining landscape potential and user preferences (cultural ecosystem service potential). The statistical findings of the study receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Jackknife graphs prove the reliability of the model. As a result; it is thought that the data obtained from this study may help to model future scenarios based on cultural ecosystem services and to make decisions about planning and management of tourism or protected areas.
Turkey has different habitats for bird species because of its location and geographical characteristics and also its location is used by birds as a migratory route. Although the white stork (Ciconia ...ciconia) is a summer immigrant coming in spring and leaving in autumn, it can be seen in Turkey continuously. In this study, it is aimed to determine the present and future situation of the white stork which is seen as a significant bird in Anatolian culture. For this purpose, white stork data recorded in Turkey between the years 2000-2018 were downloaded from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (www.gbif.org) website. These presence data were classified as 472 for spring, 457 for summer, 159 for autumn and 62 for winter. Elevation, slope, ruggedness index, topographic position index and climate variables were prepared using ArcMap 10.2 software. In order to determine the future status of the target species, the scenarios HadGEM2 RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of 2050 and 2070 were used. Models obtained with MaxEnt software, the data were divided into 75% training and 25% test data and cross validation test was performed. Spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons of the models created for today and future potential maps were obtained. It was determined that climate variables made the most contribution to the models and slope, ruggedness index and topographic position index were the following variables having important contributions. As a result, there is no potential threat in the future climate scenarios for white storks in Turkey. In particular, according to the 2070 RCP 8.5 scenario, the potential is predicted to ameliorate in all seasons. In the coming years, it is expected that the Bosphorus, which is located on the migration road of birds, will be used more frequently. Furthermore, it is foreseen that the increase in the future temperature and the decrease in precipitation will affect this situation.
Penelitian ini dilakukan di daerah Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, yang secara geografis terletak pada koordinat 4˚54 ’15 .702 ’’ N - 5˚18 ’244 N dan 96˚1 ’13, 656 E - 96˚22 ’1.007 E. ...Fisiografi regional wilayah penelitian dimasukkan dalam peta geologi Banda Aceh, Lohk Seumawe, Takengon, dengan unit fisiografi Zona Kaki Bukit Barisan. Kondisi geologis daerah penelitian terdiri dari Batuan Pra-Tersier, Tersier, dan Kuarterner. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung, menganalisis dan menentukan nilai Puncak Maksimal Percepatan Tanah, sehingga peta percepatan tanah dan peta zona mitigasi bencana gempa bumi dapat diperoleh untuk Kabupaten Pidie Jaya. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data gempa bumi di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya pada 7 Desember 2016 penulis menemukan nilai maksimum percepatan tanah puncak dengan menggunakan metode Boore (1997) adalah: 225,7 - 85,8 gal. Sementara itu dengan menggunakan metode Fukusima dan Tanaka (1992), hasilnya adalah: 115,0-115,0 gal. Dengan menggabungkan faktor-faktor litologi data sebagai data pendukung lainnya untuk pembobotan, penulis dapat menghasilkan Peta Zona Mitigasi Bencana Gempa Bumi, dari kategori rendah hingga kategori tinggi untuk kabupaten ini. This research was carried out in the Pidie Jaya Regency area, which geographycally situated at coordinates 4˚54 ‘15.702 ‘’ N - 5˚18 ‘2,244 N and 96˚1 ‘13,656 E - 96˚22 ‘1,007 E. Regional physiography of the study area is included in the geological map of Banda Aceh, Lohk Seumawe, Takengon, with the physiographic unit of the Bukit Barisan Foot Zone. The geological condition of the study area is composed of Pre-Tertiary, Tertiary and Quarternary Rocks. This study aims to calculate, analyze and determine the value of Maximum Peak of Ground Acceleration, so that ground acceleration maps and earthquake disaster mitigation zone maps can be obtained for Pidie Jaya District. Based on the results of the earthquake data processing in Pidie Jaya Regency on December 7, 2016 the author find the maximum value of peak ground acceleration using the Boore method (1997) is: 225,7 - 85,8 gal. Meanwhile by using Fukusima and Tanaka method (1992), the result is: 115,0-115,0 gal. By combining those data lithological factors as other supporting data for weighting, the author could produces an Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Zone Map, from low category untill high category for this district.
Model Prey-predator merupakan salah satu model interaksi antara dua spesies yang berbentuk persamaan diferensial biasa nonlinier. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis model ...prey-predator dengan pemanenan konstan pada ikan prey dan melakukan intepretasi pada model tersebut berdasarkan simulasi yang dilakukan. Dengan menggunakan nilai pemanenan 0≤ℎ≤ℎ ,dimana ℎ merupakan nilai pemanenan maksimu. Maka didapatkan lima titik kesetimbangan yang terdapat satu titik kesetimbangan yang stabil dengan jenis titik simpul dan jenis kestabilan berupa stabil asimtotik. Dari simulasi yang dilakukan dengan tiga kondisi nilai pemanenan yaitu ketika ℎℎ , ℎ=ℎ dan ℎℎ . Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa jika nilai pemanenan melebihi nilai pemanenan maksimum maka model tersebut tidak stabil dan populasi ikan prey akan punah dan diikuti oleh populasi ikan predator. Pada penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan analisis pada model prey-predator dengan memberikan perlakuan pemanenan berupa konstan pada kedua spesies dan selain itu juga dengan memberikan perlakuan pemanenan berupa fungsi pemanenan kepada salah satu spesies atau kedua spesies.
Penempatan pembangkit tersebar (DG) di jaringan distribusi sering kali mengubah arah dan besar arus baik saat kondisi normal maupun kondisi gangguan. Perubahan tersebut bisa mempengaruhi sistem ...proteksi yang sudah terpasang, sehingga sistem proteksi tersebut mungkin tidak bekerja seperti yang diharapkan setelah pemasangan DG. Karena kapasitas DG umumnya kecil maka penggantian sistem proteksi untuk mengatasi masalah proteksi tersebut akan menjadi tidak ekonomis. Denga alasan tersebut, tulisan ini mengusulkan sebuah metode untuk mencari maksimum kapasitas DG yang dapat dipasang tanpa menyebabkan kegagalan operasi dan koordinasi sistem proteksi yang sudah ada. Studi kasus di jaringan distribusi Sumatera Barat digunakan untuk mengilustrasikan metodologi yang diusulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin ke hilir suatu bus dari grid maka semakin kecil kapasitas DG yang dapat dipasang.
Grid Connected Inverter Evran, Fatih
Düzce Üniversitesi bilim ve teknoloji dergisi (Online),
08/2018, Letnik:
6, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper presents solar based single phase grid connected
inverter system. In such a system, DC-DC converter is both used to boost low PV
panel voltage and ensures that the solar panel operates at ...maximum power while Full
bridge inverter injects the maximum power from the solar panel to the grid. The
system is reliable because it does not cause control complexity and also it is preferred
to obtain a low THD (Total harmonic distortion). But, the main disadvantages of
the converters such as a boost or a flyback type are limited voltage gain and low
efficiency. In the proposed topology, the DC-DC converter with galvanic
insulation and high voltage gain characteristics can connect a low-voltage
solar panel to the grid. Simulation results are given for the system which
inverts MPPT voltage range of 20-30 V DC to grid voltage of 220 V(rms) at power
range of 60-300 W with a unity power factor.
Bu çalışma, tek fazlı
şebekeye bağlı güneş paneli uygulamaları için bir evirici topolojisini sunmaktadır.
Böyle bir sistemde, Tam köprü eviricisi güneş panelinden elektrik şebekesine maksimum
güç verirken, DA-DA dönüştürücüsü hem düşük PV panel gerilimini arttırmak hem
de güneş panelinin maksimum güçte çalışmasını sağlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Sistem,
denetim karmaşıklığına neden olmadığından güvenilirdir ve düşük bir THB (Toplam
harmonik bozulma)’si olduğundan dolayı tercih edilmektedir. Buna karşın, Boost
ve Flyback gibi dönüştürücülerin ana olumsuzlukları sınırlı gerilim kazancına ve
düşük verime sahip olmasıdır. Önerilen topolojide, galvanik yalıtımlı ve yüksek
gerilim kazançlı DA-DA dönüştürücüsü, düşük gerilimli güneş panelini elektrik
şebekesine bağlayabilmektedir. Benzetim sonuçları, 60-300 W'lık güç aralığında,20-30V
MPPT gerilim aralığını, 220 V (rms)
şebeke gerilimine birim güç faktörü ile çeviren sistem için verilmiştir
In this study five different knitted sport clothes were tested in a wear trial test with ten men subject. After the activity, subjects were included in a rest period of 20 minutes. In this period, ...microclimate temperature and relative humidity values were measured with a datalogger from four body regions (chest, abdomen, back and waist). The results showed that the lowest waist microclimate temperature value was seen in TS tencel single jersey fabric like the other three body regions. On the contrary to chest and back regions, the abdomen microclimate temperature values increase during the relaxing period. Also the lowest microclimate temperature values were seen in abdomen region. On the other hand the highest microclimate relative humidity values were seen in abdomen region ( 93-96 %).
ÖZET Bu çalışmada bir MGİ sistemi, bir rüzgar türbini ile önce değişen bir rüzgâr hız referansı ve devamında 9 m/s nominal rüzgar hızı altında analiz edilmiş, sistemden elde edilen elektrik ...enerjisinin bir kısmı şebekeye aktarılmıştır. Yüksek verimli olması nedeniyle SMSG (Sürekli Mıknatıslı Senkron Generator) kullanılmıştır. MGİ algoritması olarak Kanat Uç Hız Oranı (Tip Speed Ratio, TSR) yöntemi ile rüzgârın anlık olarak izlenmesi ve yakalanan enerjinin şebekeye aktarılması için alan yönlendirmeli kontrol yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Kullanılan MGİ algoritması ile değişken rüzgâr hızlarında sistemin maksimum gücü takip etmesi sağlanarak, maksimum verim elde edilmiştir.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada bir MGİ sistemi, bir rüzgar türbini ile önce değişen bir rüzgâr hız referansı ve devamında 9 m/s nominal rüzgar hızı altında analiz edilmiş, sistemden elde edilen elektrik ...enerjisinin bir kısmı şebekeye aktarılmıştır. Yüksek verimli olması nedeniyle SMSG (Sürekli Mıknatıslı Senkron Generator) kullanılmıştır. MGİ algoritması olarak Kanat Uç Hız Oranı (Tip Speed Ratio, TSR) yöntemi ile rüzgârın anlık olarak izlenmesi ve yakalanan enerjinin şebekeye aktarılması için alan yönlendirmeli kontrol yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Kullanılan MGİ algoritması ile değişken rüzgâr hızlarında sistemin maksimum gücü takip etmesi sağlanarak, maksimum verim elde edilmiştir.
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