This study uses quantitative measurements, to examine the diversity of relationship between manorialisation and demographic pressure by landlord type and landscape region in thirteenth-century ...England. Classical manors have been considered to have classical structures, that is large scale and manor-parish coincidence, and to be dominated by demesne and customary tenements. However, factor analysis of the data from the Hundred Rolls of 1279–1280 shows that the two features were not always associated and that manorialisation was a two-dimensional process consisting of the development of classical structures and the dominance of demesne and unfree tenements. Therefore, the analysis reveals four types of parishes. First, there were highly manorialised parishes in both aspects where earlier-established ecclesiastical estates prevailed. Second, there were parishes that were occupied by one large manor but dominated by free tenements where earls' estates were prominent. Third, there were parishes divided into small manors comprised mainly of demesne and villein tenements as a result of the advance of demesne farming in lesser estates after 1066. Fourth, there were non-manorialised parishes separated into small manors dominated by free tenements. Many of these parishes had already been split into small manors in 1086. Further analysis shows that demographic pressure was independent of manorialisation. Although the eastern champion Midlands and western champion Midlands were similarly manorialised, demographic pressure was higher in the eastern part. Furthermore, in woodland, population growth and manorialisation were related in several ways. Demographic pressure was highest in East Anglian Heights while the level of freedom was highest in Arden Forest.
•Analyses data from the Hundred Rolls 1279–1280 using factor analysis and multiple regression analyses.•Demonstrate that manorialisation in medieval England was a two-dimensional process.•Shows that development of classical structures was independent of reduction of freedom.•Shows that four types of parishes existed on the basis of the two-dimensions of manorialisation.•Demonstrates that demographic pressure was independent of manorialisation.•Shows that manorialisation and demographic pressure differed by landlord type and landscape region.
Forty-one species of lichens and two lichenicolous fungi are reported from the Pskov Region. Of them, thirty-nine species are new for the region, including Lempholemma dispansum – a rare species with ...scattered distribution, previously recorded only once in the European Russia in the 19th century. The most important findings are confined to ancient limestone outcrops and old manor parks: these habitats are also promising for further investigations, taking in account high level of anthropogenic transformation of the Pskov Region.
This monograph provides an insight into English country house fiction by twentieth and twenty-first century authors, with a focus on the works of E. M. Forster, Evelyn Waugh, Iris Murdoch, Alan ...Hollinghurst, and Sarah Waters. The country house is explored within the wider social and cultural contexts of the period, including contemporary architectural development. The variety of literary depictions of the country house reflects the physical diversification of buildings which can be classified as such, from smaller variants to formerly grand residences on the brink of physical collapse. Within the scope of contemporary fiction, architecture and poetics of space, the country house, given its uniquely integrating and exceptionally evocative qualities, accentuates different conceptions of dwelling. Consequently, literary portrayals of the country house can be seen as both prefiguring and reflecting the contemporary practice of living.
Offering a revisionist theory that shifts the focus from labour services required by the lord to capital required by the customary tenant, Raftis reveals that "peasant economic development" and ..."manorial economy" are not mutually exclusive terms. Using account rolls, charters, court rolls, and lay subsidy rolls he demonstrates that lords subordinated their power to tax and to extract labour services to a policy of capital maintenance. This breakthrough allows him to develop a more rational explanation for the growth of markets and wealth in a countryside not exclusively dependent on the economy of lords.
Creating Paradise Wilson, Richard; Mackley, Alan
2003, 2000-12-01
eBook
This work looks at the building of country houses as a whole. It investigates why owners embarked on extensive building programmes, often following a "Grand Tour". The cost of building the great and ...small country houses is explored, along with their furnishing and decoration.
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