The article describes architectural development of the Lithuanian manor from the outset until the 20th century. For over 500 years, the manor had remained a foundational axis of the state structure, ...around which the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country was concentrated. Up to the 15th century, the ruler's manors (yards) were the core of the statehood in Lithuania. In the 15th--16th centuries, the ruler's manor developed into the main political public institutions with permanent residences being established. Afterwards, when the impact of the ruler's manor diminished, manor homesteads of local noblemen became the focal points of the Western European stylistic architecture in Lithuania. Through noblemen's manors novelties reached homesteads of the lower strata of nobility, who was greatly influenced by local tradition. Remaining diversity of cultural landscape, architectural expression, urban relationship 'manor homestead--town' nowadays are the relics of the old manor, which developed over the centuries and to this day reflects the Lithuanian architecture and its history. Keywords: manor, yard, state, noblemen, culture, architecture, landscape. Straipsnyje atskleidziama Lietuvos dvaro architekturine raida nuo jo istaku iki XX a. pr. Dvaras daugiau kaip 500 m. isliko pamatine valstybes strukturos asis, aplink kuria koncentravosi salies politinis, socialinis, ekonominis ir kulturinis gyvenimas. Iki XV a. Lietuvos valstybes strukturos pagrinda sudare valdovo dvarai (kiemai). XV-XVI a. is valdovo dvaro isaugo pagrindines krasto politines institucijos, kuresi pastovios rezidencijos. Veliau, susilpnejus valdovo dvaro itakai, vietos didiku dvaru sodybos tapo vienais is pagrindiniu Vakaru Europos stilistines architekturos zidiniu Lietuvoje. Per didiku dvarus architekturos naujoves pasiekdavo zemesniu bajorijos sluoksniu sodybas, kurioms didele itaka dare ir vietos tradicija. Islikusi kulturinio krastovaizdzio ivairove, architekturine raiska, urbanistiniai rysiai "dvaro sodyba--miestas" yra simtmeciais formavesi, Lietuvos architekturos raida, jos istorija atspindintys senojo dvaro reliktai. Reiksminiai zodziai: dvaras, kiemas, valstybe, didikai, bajorai, kultura, architektura, krastovaizdis.
Historical notes discovered on a fifteenth-century Yorkshire rental allow us to reconstruct the astonishing level of investment made by Bishop Hugh du Puiset of Durham (1153-95) in organising the ...drainage of the carrs in southern Howdenshire, and the way the process was managed. These notes and other evidence reveal that the bishop financed the cutting of at least three major drains in the 1160s or 1170s, and then made preferential grants and sales of parcels of land to clerics and laymen, who undertook the completion of the scheme. In doing this he transformed the wetland landscape of the north bank of the Ouse, built up his manor of Howden's rent roll by fee-farms, and created a new group of minor gentry within his lordship. The notes also have something to say about the maintenance of episcopal rentals in Howden in the twelfth century, parallel to the famous Boldon Book which Bishop Hugh compiled for his diocese.
The article gives a scientific overview of the graphical documents of the Vilkmerges pavietas (administrative territorial unit) landed estates in the first half of the 19th century of Lithuania. ...Specifically it analyses plans of possessions of Pakruojis and Seduva landed estates in Upytes pavietas and plans of possessions of landed estates in Rokiskis county. The article analyses the principle of making the plans and their authorship, orientation, scale, conventional signs, environs, technique they are carried out, and elements of their decoration. It also analyses names of settlements, rivers, woods, bogs and peat bogs that are marked on the maps comparing them with their present-day standardised names. The article concludes that toponyms and hydronyms have essentially preserved the elements of identity. More visible changes are observed in the names of lakes. Article in Lithuanian XIX a. Lietuvos dvarų valdų planų ypatumai Santrauka. Straipsnyje aptariami XIX a. pirmos pusės Lietuvos Vilkmergės pavieto dvarų valdų grafiniai dokumentai: Upytės pavieto Pakruojo ir Šeduvos dvarų valdų ir Rokiškio grafystės žemės valdų planai. Nagrinėjami planų sudarymo principai, aptariama autorystė, jų kryptingumas, masteliai, sutartiniai ženklai, apimamos teritorijos, gamybos technika, puošybos elementai. Analizuojami planuose pateiktų gyvenviečių, upių, ežerų, miškų, pelkių ir durpynų pavadinimai ir lyginami su nūdienos sunormintais jų pavadinimais. Konstatuojama, kad vietovardžiai ir vandenvardžiai iš esmės išlikę tapatūs. Labiau pakitę kai kurių ežerų vardai. Prasminiai žodžiai: žemės valdos, dvarai, planų sudarymo principai, vietovardžiai, Pakruojis, Šeduva, Rokiškis, Litviniškės.
This article explores the development of private manors in Scandinavia between the reformation and the eve of the great agrarian reforms in Denmark ca. 1770 and their relation to state policies. It ...compares Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Skåne and Schleswig-Holstein. Firstly, it analyses the amount of land held by private landlords and the internal structure of the landholding class. It shows that it changed considerably over time, but in very different ways in the different territories. This is explained by the interaction of the nobility or landholding classes with the state power. Secondly, the article looks at the economic and spatial structure of manors with specific attention to the degree of demesne farming based upon corvee. It is discussed to which degree these manors came to follow the path of Gutsherrschaft or demesne lordship associated with the lands south of the Baltic. Demesnes of Scandinavia were erected and enlarged out of a mixture of agricultural economic considerations, tax evasion and status needs. Also this differed with territory. Part of the explanation is a different structure of the nobility emerging from massive ennoblements in Sweden, but also in other direct or indirect ways the state furthered, hindered or checked the development.
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