•Analyse the primary data to estimate the appearance frequencies of risk factors resulting in maritime accidents.•Evaluate the joint impact of human factors and other risk factors on different types ...of maritime accidents.•Develop an accident data-driven Bayesian network to realise human factor oriented maritime accident analysis.•Conduct an empirical study to provide insights for the prevention of a particular type of accidents involving human errors.
A data-driven Bayesian network (BN) is used to investigate the effect of human factors on maritime safety through maritime accident analysis. Its novelties consist of (1) manual collection and analysis of the primary data representing frequencies of risk factors directly derived from maritime accident reports, (2) incorporation of human factors into causational analysis with respect to different maritime accident types, and (3) modelling by a historical accident data-driven approach, to generate new insights on critical human factors contributing to different types of accidents. The modelling of the interdependency among the risk influencing factors is structured by Tree Augmented Network (TAN), and validated by both sensitivity analysis and past accident records. Our findings reveal that the critical risk factors for all accident types are ship age, ship operation, voyage segment, information, and vessel condition. More importantly, the findings also present the differentiation among the vital human factors against different types of accidents. Most probable explanation (MPE) is used to provide a specific scenario in which the beliefs are upheld, observing the most probable configuration. The work pioneers the analysis of various impacts of human factors on different maritime accident types. It helps provide specific recommendations for the prevention of a particular type of accidents involving human errors.
Pirates of Empire Amirell, Stefan Eklöf
Sovereignty and the Suppression of Piracy,
08/2019
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
The suppression of piracy and other forms of maritime violence was a keystone in the colonisation of Southeast Asia. Focusing on what was seen in the nineteenth century as the three most ...pirate-infested areas in the region - the Sulu Sea, the Strait of Malacca and Indochina - this comparative study in colonial history explores how piracy was defined, contested and used to resist or justify colonial expansion, particularly during the most intense phase of imperial expansion in Southeast Asia from c.1850 to c.1920. In doing so, it demonstrates that piratical activity continued to occur in many parts of Southeast Asia well beyond the mid-nineteenth century, when most existing studies of piracy in the region end their period of investigation. It also points to the changes over time in how piracy was conceptualised and dealt with by each of the major colonial powers in the region - Britain, France, the Netherlands, Spain and the United States. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) promotes the sustainable human activities development and uses in the marine space, playing a role in their effective management. The enhancement of connectivity is ...crucial for the conservation of biodiversity and landscape planning. Ecological Corridors (ECs) are an important type of connectivity for biodiversity conservation in fragmented habitats. The EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 includes ECs into the network of protected areas and allows for the creation of additional protected areas. MSP studies considering ECs remain still lacking, especially for the design of networks between Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs). In this paper, knowledge, and tools for investigating marine ECs were reviewed, with a systematic bibliometric analysis to summarize the current scientific research. Previous studies integrating ecological connectivity into planning for marine conservation have focused on models of larval dispersal, adult movements, and dispersal of single species by using benthic habitat proxies. Few studies were found on ECs in marine environments: in the coral Caribbean reef systems in the Gulf of Mexico; within benthic habitats along the Pacific coast of Canada; between MPAs in British Columbia (Canada); and by analyzing migratory species in the Yangtze estuary (China). Commonly used approaches to project and map ECs in marine environments are least-cost and circuit theories allowing to incorporate movement with cost or resistance to movement, depending on species and preferred habitats. The systematic bibliometric analysis returned 25 studies, most of which were from North America (40%) and European countries (36%) and the largest share of papers (68%) from 2018 to 2022. This review pinpointed the need of integrating different disciplines to investigate connectivity and the need by policymakers and practitioners to recognize the importance of ecological connectivity, even there are significant challenges for integrating connectivity into policies, planning, and conservation.
This text it’s based on three important points that will give way to the analysis of “Sea Blindness”, its characteristics and consequences from the perspective of the actions undertaken by Germany, ...Brazil and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The main focus of this research is to find out how these three actors, through different resources, try to contribute to reducing their own sea blindness (in the case of the two countries) and that of developing countries (in the case of the IMO). We want to determine its characteristics, means and objectives.
El presente texto parte de tres puntos importantes que darán paso al análisis de la ceguera marítima, sus características y consecuencias desde la perspectiva de las acciones emprendidas por Alemania, Brasil y la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI). El enfoque principal de esta investigación es conocer cómo estos tres actores, mediante distintos recursos, tratan de contribuir a reducir la ceguera marítima propia (en el caso de las dos naciones analizadas) y la de países en desarrollo (en el caso de la OMI). Posteriormente determinaremos sus características, medios y objetivos.
The Maritime Silk Road foregrounds the numerous networks that have been woven across oceanic geographies, tying world regions together often far more extensively than land-based routes. On the ...strength of the new data which has emerged in the last two decades in the form of archaeological findings, as well as new techniques such as GIS modeling, the authors collectively demonstrate the existence of a very early global maritime trade. From architecture to cuisine, and language to clothing, evidence points to early connections both within Asia and between Asia and other continents—well before European explorations of the Global South. The human stories presented here offer insights into both the extent and limits of this global exchange, showing how goods and people traveled vast distances, how they were embedded in regional networks, and how local cultures were shaped as a result.
Rising demand for marine resources has led to a great interest in seabed exploration and mining, while deep-sea environments are faced with cumulative effects of many human activities. Currently, ...conducting an environmental impact assessment for deep-sea exploration and mining is challenging due to the dynamic nature and a lack of high-quality data. The International Seabed Authority (ISA), which charges with regulating human activities on the seabed beyond the continental shelf, requires contractors to establish both geological and environmental baselines. Also, the ISA provides a general environmental guideline for exploring various seabed resources. However, standardization of its implementation would need to be addressed with specified technical international standards. The marine technology subcommittee of International Standardization Organization (ISO) contributes to the study of standards on deep-sea geological, geophysical and biological surveys, also on marine environmental protection. In this review, we explore two broad aspects of ISO standards: (1) the development of marine geological and geophysical exploration standard, which may help to establish geological map in the seabed area. (2) the current state of development of a series of Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (MEIA) standards, which could standardize the environmental surveys and monitoring activities in the seabed area. We also consider the standardization gap between MEIA and seabed mining, and propose future focus on coordination relationship between marine exploration and environmental protection.
The purposes are to explore the safety performance of the Maritime Transportation System (MTS) based on Digital Twins (DTs) Internet of Things (IoT) and develop maritime transportation towards ...intelligence and digitalization. Because the comprehensive operational security of modern MTS is not yet mature, historical transportation data of the Maritime Silk Road are acquired and preprocessed. Afterward, DTs are introduced, and relay nodes are added to data transmission paths to construct a maritime transportation DTs model based on relay cooperation IoT. Eventually, this model's security performance is validated through simulation experiments. Relay security analysis suggests that interference information is a vital guarantee to assist in information non-disclosure, from which the constructed model can harvest energy to increase the data transmission power, thereby improving communication performance and secrecy rate. Outage probability analysis reveals that the simulated and the theoretical results are almost the same; moreover, given the system's multi-hop paths in the same environment, the more the relays and the greater the fading index, the better the system performance and the lower the outage probability. Once the iterations reach a particular number, the node secrecy rate becomes optimal and cannot cause excessive burden to the system; besides, the power distribution can establish a new equilibrium when the nodes are in different locations, so that system security performance gets improved. The simulated value is closest to the actual result under 100% successful transmission probability and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.01\sim 0.05~\lambda </tex-math></inline-formula> value. To sum up, the constructed maritime transportation DTs model presents extraordinary transmission and security performance, providing an experimental basis for intelligent and secure maritime transportation in the future.
•Holistic use of fNIRS and maritime simulation to conduct HPM objectively.•Development of a hybrid assessment model using haemoglobin data and ANN.•Pioneering psychophysiological data-driven machine ...learning for seafarers’ HPM.•Real case analysis for classifying seafarers of different qualifications.
Human errors significantly contribute to transport accidents. Human performance measurement (HPM) is crucial to ensure human reliability and reduce human errors. However, how to address and reduce the subjective bias introduced by assessors in HPM and seafarer certification remains a key research challenge. This paper aims to develop a new psychophysiological data-driven machine learning method to realize the effective HPM in the maritime sector. It conducts experiments using a functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology and compares the performance of two groups in a maritime case (i.e. experienced and inexperienced seafarers in terms of different qualifications by certificates), via an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The results have generated insightful implications and new contributions, including (1) the introduction of an objective criterion for assessors to monitor, assess, and support seafarer training and certification for maritime authorities; (2) the quantification of human response under specific missions, which serves as an index for a shipping company to evaluate seafarer reliability; (3) a supportive tool to evaluate human performance in complex emerging systems (e.g. Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS)) design for ship manufactures and shipbuilders.
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