The scheme of pressure welding and the ratio for calculating the technological modes of the manufacturing process of housing cellular panels from sheet materials are proposed. The creep equation is ...used. The estimation of the damage rate of the workpiece material is given. The calculation results and product samples are presented.
•The highest damage and gas production rates are experienced within the first wall materials of a hybrid fusion-fission system.•About ∼2 times higher dpa and 4–5 higher He appm are expected compared ...to the values distinctive for a pure fusion system at the same DT-neutron wall loading.•The specific nuclear heating may be increased by a factor of ∼8–9 due to fusion and fission neutrons radiation capture in metal components of the first wall.
Neutronic performance and inventory analyses were conducted to quantify the damage and gas production rates in candidate materials when used in a fusion-fission hybrid system first wall (FW). The structural materials considered are austenitic SS, Cu-alloy and V- alloys. Plasma facing materials included Be, and CFC composite and W. It is shown that the highest damage rates and gas particles production in materials are experienced within the FW region of a hybrid similar to a pure fusion system. They are greatly influenced by a combined neutron energy spectrum formed by the two-component fusion-fission neutron source in front of the FW and in a subcritical fission blanket behind. These characteristics are non-linear functions of the fission neutron source intensity. Atomic displacement damage production rate in the FW materials of a subcritical system (at the safe subcriticality limit of ∼0.95 and the neutron multiplication factor of ∼20) is almost ∼2 times higher compared to the values distinctive for a pure fusion system at the same 14MeV neutron FW loading. Both hydrogen (H) and helium (He) gas production rates are practically on the same level except of about ∼4–5 times higher He-production in austenitic and reduced activation ferritic martensitic steels. A proper simulation of the damage environment in hybrid systems is required to evaluate the expected material performance and the structural component residence times.
This research aims to understand how insurance, rainfall, land cover and urban flooding are related and how these variables influenced the material damage in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) during ...the 2000-2011 period. Correlation coefficients show strong relationships between built-up areas and claims (0.94) and payouts (0.88). Despite no significant relationships being found between rainfall and the amount of material damage per event, three likelihood levels of flooding were determined for hourly rainfall. Unlike the studied period, the number of claims and their spatial distribution during the 2008 extreme rainfall event were strongly dependent on rainfall. Flooding related to the old watercourses assumed greater importance during this extreme event, recovering a more natural/ancient hydrological behaviour. In the LMA, the greatest material damage was the result of high-magnitude/low-probability rainfall events. Lower magnitude events can trigger numerous claims in heavily built-up areas, but they are hardly capable of producing large material damage.
Mainstream materials of the railway pantograph strips are carbon composites. They are subject to wear during use, as well as various types of damage. It is important that their operation time is as ...long as possible and that they are not damaged, as it may damage the remaining elements of the pantograph and the overhead contact line. As part of the article, three types of pantographs were tested: AKP-4E, 5ZL, and 150 DSA. They had carbon sliding strips made of MY7A2 material. By testing the same material on different types of current collectors, it was possible to check what impact the wear and damage of the sliding strips has on (among others) the method of their installation, i.e., whether the damage to the strips depends on the type of current collector and what is the participation of damage caused by material defects. As a result of the research, it was found that the type of pantograph on which it is used has an undoubted influence on the damage characteristics of the carbon sliding strips, whereas the damage caused by material defects can be classified as a more general group-the group of damage of a sliding strip, which also includes overburning of a carbon sliding strip.
Представлены результаты проведенного в рамках научно-исследовательской работы анализа статистических данных о пожарах, произошедших в Российской Федерации в 2010-2019 гг. на объектах хранения. ...Перечислены объекты, которые относятся к объектам хранения. Рассмотрены причины пожаров на этих объектах. Сделан вывод о том, что, начиная с 2009 года на объектах хранения растет количество пожаров, причиной которых являлось нарушение правил устройства и эксплуатации электрооборудования. Проведен анализ изделий и устройств, ставших источником возникновения таких пожаров.
There are presented the results of statistical data analysis on fires at storage facilities in the Russian Federation for 2010-2019, carried out within the framework of the research work. The objects that are storage facilities are listed. The causes of fires at these objects are considered. It is concluded that since 2009 the number of fires at storage facilities has been growing, that is caused by the violation of the design and operating instructions for electrical equipment. There are analyzed the products and devices that caused those fires.
The Court of Justice of the European Union delivered a decision in Case C-300/21 to address three questions on how to compensate a data subject for the non-material damage suffered from a violation ...of GDPR provisions. First, infringement by itself does not give rise to compensation. Actual damage must be demonstrated by the data subject. Second, the right to compensation is not limited to non-material damage that reaches a certain threshold of seriousness. Third, since the GDPR does not provide an explicit guideline for assessing damages, it falls to Member States to establish such a criterion. The criterion, nevertheless, must comply with the principle of equivalence and effectiveness. The judgment, together with the Advocate General's opinion, touches upon several fundamental issues at the intersection of risk, harm and tort damage.
Summary
In this study, both pure fusion blanket and fusion‐fission (hybrid) reactor blanket performance were investigated and discussed separately in two phases. In the first phase, a Monte Carlo ...radiation damage analysis has been performed for stainless steel (SS304, SS316, and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS)), molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten as the first wall (FW) materials, in combination with selected tritium breeders. The main technical parameters for fusion reactors, such as tritium breeding ratio, fusion energy multiplication factor (M), displacement per atom (DPA), and gas production (He, H) have been evaluated. All numerical calculations have been carried out in spherical geometry with MCNP6 code package using continuous energy cross‐sections from the ENDF/B‐VIII.0 library, except DPA calculations. Instead of the ENDF/B‐VIII.0 library, the 30‐group CLAW‐IV library was employed for DPA calculations. Structural material selection for the FW respect to radiation damage limits and reactor performance for energy production and tritium has been concluded. Conventional thermal reactors, such as light water reactors andCanada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactors are producing substantial quantities of transuranic elements, which represent serious nuisance and permanent hazard potential. On the other hand, they become fissionable material under high energetic fusion neutron irradiation and multiply the fusion energy. In the second phase, the investigations are extended to the incineration of minor actinides (MA) in the fusion‐fission (hybrid) mode. The transmutation history of MA nuclear waste is included. MA are added into the first zone of the coolant in TRi‐structural ISOtropic particle TRISO particles with a volume fraction of 6%. The transformation scenario for all MA by SS 304 steel FW is practically the same as with the ODS FW.
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