The paper presents an analysis of the influence of the Shelf Ready Packaging (SRP) machine performance parameters on the repeatability of generated cardboard boxes’ selected geometric features. As ...part of the research, two batches of packaging were measured. Each batch contained 100 pieces of packaging, manufactured either at a rate of 15 pcs/min or 20 pcs/min, 50 pcs each. Both batches were measured using Creaform’s Academia scanner using VXelements 6.2 software. The results were analyzed using GOM Inspect programming. In the first stage, the geometric repeatability of the products was analyzed on the basis of two selected critical features, which were considered to be the internal length and width of the cardboard packaging. These features are responsible for the proper efficiency of the packaging and the possibility of combining cartons during transportation. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. In the second stage of the research, an analysis of surface deviation maps was carried out against a reference element. Our findings allow it to be concluded that increasing the production output of carton packaging (from 15 to 20 pcs/min) did not negatively affect the dimensional accuracy and repeatability of the process. It was also found that the shortening of packaging production time by increasing productivity had a positive effect on the stability of the manufacturing process of hot-glued SRP packaging.
ESD protection devices are now becoming more and more important in electronic devices in automotives to improve safety and security. In this study, discharges between terminals are observed by the ...ESD visualization camera and the cycle test of ESD revealed repeated ESD protection ability. We propose MLCV as the most suitable ESD protection device through a comparison with MLCC, which is commonly used in automotive electronics. MLCV demonstrated excellent protection ability against repeated ESD (＞25 kV), and kept less suppression voltage (150 V at ESD 8 kV), caused no discharge between terminals, with less size (1005M).
•We summarized the technologies and applications of PIV in measuring indoor airflows.•We compared the pros and cons of PIV measurement in different indoor environment.•The accuracy and limitations of ...PIV measurement were discussed.•The PIV data is critical for analyzing turbulence and validating simulations.•PIV system parameters should be carefully considered according to the specific needs.
Quantifying the airflow field in building room or vehicle cabin is crucial for creating a thermal comfortable and healthy indoor environment. Airflow field measurement can provide quantitative information of indoor air distribution and local air velocity around occupants or passengers, which has strong relationship with the ventilation effectiveness, the pollutant transportation and the energy conservation in a building or a vehicle. Specifically, PIV has gradually became the most popular and promising technique for airflow field measurement in indoor environment during the last decade. This paper firstly gave an overview of the typical PIV technologies used in indoor environment and the state-of-the-art applications of PIV in measuring the indoor airflow fields. The overview shows that the quantitative and detailed turbulent flow information obtained by PIV is critical for analyzing turbulent properties and validating numerical simulations. Specifically, the authors focused on the pros and cons of PIV measurement and gave the typical parameters of PIV used in indoor airflow field measurements. Generally, the researchers should pay more attention to the selection of appropriate PIV system parameters according to their specific research needs. The accuracy of PIV measurement and the limitations of measurement systems using PIV were also discussed.
The measurement of the capacitor voltage of each sub-module (SM) is a crucial part of achieving robust control of modular multilevel converters (MMCs). This study proposes a master–slave ...structure-based capacitor voltage measuring technique (MS-MT) for hybrid MMCs, in which the SM capacitor voltages are calculated using nine processes at the corresponding sampling instants according to the changing rule of the arm AC-side voltage and SM operation states. In MS-MT, the master sensor is used to measure the overall arm voltage while the slave sensor, which measures the full bridge, is used additionally to improve accuracy. Furthermore, MS-MT performs well even under pre-charging and DC short-circuit fault conditions, for the reason that a single SM short-circuit fault can be detected during above two conditions by comparing the voltages measured by the two sensors. Compared with the direct measuring technique, which has low measurement errors, and the overall measuring technique, which requires less hardware cost, MS-MT inherits both advantages. Finally, extensive simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed MS-MT.
Since test methods for evaluating properties of wood-based materials are defined in material standards separately, it is difficult to compare properties of different materials. In addition, Material ...standard itself describes outline of quality control method, minute features of its application cannot be read. In this paper, Japanese standards for Wood-based materials are discussed from the view point of measuring technique.
To estimate the on-road emissions of Light-duty vehicles, Real Driving Emission (RDE) testing method is adopted. Engine operated duration of HEV and PHEV is shorter than that of conventional engine ...vehicles. At RDE test, we use the Portable Measurement Emissions System (PEMS). Conventional PEMS is continuously sampling emission during the engine-stop. Therefore, it is difficult to measure the correct emissions of HEV and PHEV. In this study, to estimate more correct RDE data, we validated another approach, which operate PEMS by intermittent sampling. As the result, there is a possibility that we obtain the correct RDE data of HEV and PHEV by using this approach.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique whereby a laser melts polymer powder layer by layer to generate three-dimensional parts. It enables the fabrication of parts ...with high degrees of complexity, nearly no geometrical restrictions, and without the necessity of a tool or a mold. Due to the orientation in the building space, the processing parameters, and the powder properties, the resulting parts possess an increased surface roughness. In comparison to other manufacturing techniques, e.g. injection molding, the surface roughness of SLS parts results from partially melted powder particles on the surface layer. The actual surface roughness must thus be characterized with respect to the part’s eventual application. At the moment, there is no knowledge regarding which measuring technique is most suitable for detecting and quantifying SLS parts’ surface roughness. The scope of this paper is to compare tactile profile measurement methods, as established in industry, to optical measurement techniques such as Focus Variation, Fringe Projection Technique (FPT), and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). The advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented and, additionally, the effect of tactile measurement on a part’s surface is investigated.
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