Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris tentang pengaruh kecepatan reaksi tangan, terhadap kemampuan forehand topspin.. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada atlet tenis meja Unsika ...Karawang. Keseluruhan populasi berjumlah 56 orang, sampel dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik pertimbangan/ purposive sampling, dan sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 atlet tenis meja. Hasil tes kecepatan reaksi tangan berpengaruh langsung terhadap kemampuan forehand tospin sebesar 0,0957. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif asosiatif dengan teknik analyisis jalur. Hasil mengungkapkan bahwa; terdapat pengaruh positif secara langsung kecepatan reaksi tangan terhadap kemampuan forehand topspin. Kata kunci; Kecepatan Reaksi Tangan, Forehand Topspin
This study aims to determine the results and analyze table tennis service skills in students who take table tennis extracurricular at SMP Negeri 19 Palembang. This research is a quantitative ...descriptive research. The research sample was 15 students who took part in table tennis extracurricular activities. The results of this study are the forehand service skills of students with good classification as many as (3) people (20%), moderate classification (9) people (60%), poor classification as many as (3) people (20%). While the backhand service skills are very good classification students as many as (1) people (7%), good classification as many as (4) people (27%), moderate classification (8) people (53%), poor classification as many as (2) people ( 13%). Thus, it can be concluded that the results of the forehand and backhand service level of table tennis students who participate in table tennis extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 19 Palembang can be categorized as moderate with an average forehand service of 5.5, while the average result of backhand serving is 4, 8.
Understanding the regulatory biosynthesis mechanisms of active compounds in herbs is vital for the preservation and sustainable use of natural medicine resources. Diterpenoids, which play a key role ...in plant growth and resistance, also serve as practical products for humans. Tanshinone, a class of abietane-type diterpenes unique to the Salvia genus, such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, is an excellent model for studying diterpenoids. In this study, we discovered that a transcription factor, SmERF106, responds to MeJA induction and is located in the nucleus. It exhibits a positive correlation with the expression of SmKSL1 and SmIDI1, which are associated with tanshinone biosynthesis. We performed DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) to predict genes that may be transcriptionally regulated by SmERF106. Our cis-elements analysis suggested that SmERF106 might bind to GCC-boxes in the promoters of SmKSL1 and SmIDI1. This indicates that SmKSL1 and SmIDI1 could be potential target genes regulated by SmERF106 in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway. Their interaction was then demonstrated through a series of in vitro and in vivo binding experiments, including Y1H, EMSA, and Dual-LUC. Overexpression of SmERF106 in the hairy root of S. miltiorrhiza led to a significant increase in tanshinone content and the transcriptional levels of SmKSL1 and SmIDI1. In summary, we found that SmERF106 can activate the transcription of SmKSL1 and SmIDI1 in response to MeJA induction, thereby promoting tanshinone biosynthesis. This discovery provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of tanshinones in response to JA and offers a potential gene tool for tanshinone metabolic engineering strategy.
•SmERF106 responds to MeJA and positively correlated with SmKSL1 and SmIDI1.•DAP-seq of SmERF106 indicated that SmKSL1 and SmIDI1 are the potential target genes.•Dual-LUC, Y1H and EMSA showed that SmERF106 activates SmKSL1 and SmIDI1 expression.•Overexpressing SmERF106 increases SmKSL1 and SmIDI1 transcript and tanshinone levels.•SmERF106 induced by MeJA promotes tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza.
The Jasmonate ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins, functioning as critical suppressors for jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction in plants, occupy crucial roles in multiple biological processes, particularly ...in the orchestration of secondary metabolic pathways. However, the mechanism underlying the JA-induced gypenosides accumulation in Gynostemma pentaphyllum remains poorly elucidated. Our research led to the identification of 11 distinct JAZ members in G. pentaphyllum (GpJAZs). According to the classification approach of AtJAZ, we allocated these members into five subgroups that shared similar conserved motif compositions. Subsequently, we identified the presence of various cis-acting elements associated with light stimuli, hormone responses, and stress signals within the promoter regions of the GpJAZ gene family. The expression levels of GpJAZ genes in different tissues were quite different, and the majority of GpJAZ genes exhibited varying degrees of response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays revealed interactions between GpJAZ1/2/4/5/7/9/10 and GpMYC2, whereas GpCOI1 protein was found to interact with GpJAZ1/2/4/5, thereby forming the COI1/JAZ/MYC2 complex. Furthermore, as an activator of gypenoside metabolic pathway, GpMYC2 could activate the promoter activity of the gypenoside metabolism-related genes to varying degrees by binding to their promoters, indicating that the COI1/JAZ/MYC2 module involved in the MeJA-induced regulation of gypenosides. In summary, our findings present an exhaustive examination of the JAZ gene family, furnishing a significant lead for delving deeper into the molecular mechanisms that drive the MeJA-induced enhancement of gypenosides accumulation in G. pentaphyllum.
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•A total of 11 GpJAZ genes were identified by whole-genome bioinformatics analysis in Gynostemma pentaphyllum.•The expression of GpJAZ genes exhibited distinct patterns in different tissues and MeJA response, hinting at diverse functions for GpJAZ genes.•MeJA accelerated the accumulation of individual compounds and the total gypenosides in the leaves of G. pentaphyllum.•GpJAZs were found to interact with the GpMYC2 and GpCOI1 proteins to form the COI1/JAZ/MYC2 complex.•GpMYC2 acted as an activator of gypenoside biosynthesis, indicating the involvement of the COI1/JAZ/MYC2 complex in the regulation of MeJA-mediated gypenoside biosynthesis.
The results of this study aim to see the role of multiball how much it increases backhand stroke skills in table tennis and how the role of multiball exercises is to improve backhand stroke skills in ...table tennis games. The research was conducted by random sampling to a population of all Sparta athletes, totaling 45 people. Data collection using the method of test and measurement techniques. The test instrument used is multiball to determine the effect of multiball training. The variables in this study include Multiball as the independent variable, as well as improving backhand skills as the dependent variable. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis techniques and inferential analysis through the SPSS.22 program with a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05)The results of the research analysis show that: (1) multiball training is proven to increase backhand shots with a contribution of 64.5%;(2) The multiball training group has a greater effect on increasing backhand strokes than the control with an increase in out shuffle-plyo push ups of 12.85% of the average pretest carried out before treatment with an average posttest, while for the control it is only 3.9 % of the average pretest and posttest scores.
Naturally synthesized secondary metabolites in plants are considered an important source of drugs, food additives, etc. Among them, research on natural plant medicinal components and their synthesis ...mechanisms has always been of high concern. We identified a novel medicinal floral crop, Plumbago auriculata L., that can be treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for the rapid or sustainable production of natural bioactives from hairy roots. In the study, we globally analyzed the changes in the accumulation of plumbagin and others in the hairy roots of Plumbago auriculata L. hairy roots (PAHR) 15834 in P. auriculata L. based on 100 μmol/L of MeJA treatment by RNA-seq profiling, and we found that there was a significant increase in the accumulation of plumbagin and saponin before 24 h. To explain the principle of co-accumulation, it showed that MeJA induced JA signaling and the shikimic acid pathway, and the methylvaleric acid (MVA) pathway was activated downstream subsequently by the Mfuzz and weighted gene co-expression analysis. Under the shared metabolic pathway, the high expression of PAL3 and HMGR promoted the activity of the “gateway enzymes” phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), which respectively induced the high expression of key reaction enzyme genes, including chalcone synthase (CHS), isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS), that led to the synthesis of plumbagin and saponin. We speculated that large amounts of ketones and/or aldehydes were formed under the action of these characteristic enzymes, ultimately achieving their co-accumulation through polyketone and high-level sugar and amino acid metabolism. The study results provided a theoretical basis for carrying out the factory refinement and biosynthesis of plumbagin and saponins and also provided new ideas for fully exploiting multifunctional agricultural crops and plants and developing new agricultural by-products.
Artemisia argyi , a perennial herb of the genus Artemisia in the family Asteraceae, holds significant importance in Chinese traditional medicine, referred to as “Aicao”. Here, we report a ...high-quality reference genome of Artemisia argyi L. cv. beiai, with a genome size up to 4.15 Gb and a contig N50 of 508.96 Kb, produced with third-generation Nanopore sequencing technology. We predicted 147,248 protein-coding genes, with approximately 68.86% of the assembled sequences comprising repetitive elements, primarily long terminal repeat retrotransposons(LTRs). Comparative genomics analysis shows that A. argyi has the highest number of specific gene families with 5121, and much more families with four or more members than the other 6 plant species, which is consistent with its more expanded gene families and fewer contracted gene families. Furthermore, through transcriptome sequencing of A. argyi in response to exogenous MeJA treatment, we have elucidated acquired regulatory insights into MeJA’s impact on the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways of A. argyi . The whole-genome information obtained in this study serves as a valuable resource for delving deeper into the cultivation and molecular breeding of A. argyi . Moreover, it holds promise for enhancing genome assemblies across other members of the Asteraceae family. The identification of key genes establishes a solid groundwork for developing new varieties of Artemisia with elevated concentrations of active compounds.
SmJAZ8 regulates the biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones simultaneously by repressing the transcription factors and biosynthetic pathway genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.
...Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are important plant hormones that regulate a variety of plant development and defense processes, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins act as negative regulators in the JA signaling pathways of plants. We first verified that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced the accumulation of both salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) hairy roots by inducing the expression of their biosynthetic pathway genes. Nine JAZ genes were cloned from Danshen and their expression levels in hairy roots were all increased by treatment with MeJA. When analyzed in detail, however, SmJAZ8 showed the strongest expression in the induced hairy roots. Overexpression or RNAi of SmJAZ8 deregulated or up-regulated the yields of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in the MeJA-induced transgenic hairy roots, respectively, and transcription factors and biosynthetic pathway genes showed an expression pattern that mirrored the production of the compounds. Genetic transformation of SmJAZ8 altered the expression of other SmJAZ genes, suggesting evidence of crosstalk occurring in JAZ-regulated secondary metabolism. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed a primary-secondary metabolism balance regulated by SmJAZ8. Altogether, we propose a novel role for SmJAZ8 as a negative feedback loop controller in the JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones.
•MeJA treatment improved the cold resistance of green bell pepper.•MeJA treatment changed the membrane lipid component of green bell pepper.•MeJA treatment reduced CI of green bell pepper by ...regulating membrane lipid metabolism.
The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on membrane lipid metabolism of green bell pepper during cold storage was studied. The results showed that the chilling injury (CI) index, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, phospholipase D (PLD) activity and gene expression of green bell pepper treated with MeJA were lower than those of the control fruit. MeJA treatment was able to maintain a higher level of ascorbic acid (VC) content, higher levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and lower levels of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), phosphatidic acid (PA), digalactosyldiacylglycerol/monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG/MGDG) and PC/PE compared to control fruit. In addition, MeJA treatment can also increase the proline content of green bell pepper fruit. Therefore, the reason that MeJA can improve the cold resistance of green bell pepper fruit may be attributed by the decreased expression and activity of PLD gene. The degradation of membrane lipid was delayed, and the content of proline increased, thereby maintaining cell membrane stability.