Mental Stress and Food we eat Momin Sayed Kashif
Perspectives in medical research,
9/2020, Letnik:
8, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Mental disorders affect everyone, irrespective of age,
gender, residence, and living standards, and even though some
groups are at a higher risk for certain illnesses; only the impact
varies. At a ...global level, over 564 million people are estimated
to suffer from depression and anxiety, equivalent to 8.0% of
the world’s population. Both depression and anxiety disorders
are more common among females than males (4.6% compared
to 2.6% at the global level).1
National mental health survey 2015-16 implemented
by the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences
(NIMHANS) Bengaluru put the figures of 1 in 20 people in India
suffer from depression. The high prevalence of moderate and
high dependence tobacco use and alcohol abuse was 20.9%
and 4.6%, respectively. These are not the isolated scenario as
mental disorders are caused by a complex interaction of
biological, social, environmental, cultural, and economic
factors. One of the complex interaction is food and nutrition.2
Why link mental stress with food:
Most of the world's population live in countries where
overweight (global prevalence 39%) and obesity (13%) kills
more people than underweight. Unfortunately, we are now 8
months into the COVID-19 pandemic, and the end of the crisis
is nowhere near, a different domain of public health requires
urgent attention.
Additionally, there are major shifts in dietary intakes
globally, with a substantial increase in the consumption of
sugars, snack foods, take-away foods, and high-energy foods.
At the same time, the intake of whole-grain fiber-rich nutritious
foods is diminishing. These changes are particularly obvious in
the younger and working population. Indeed, the latest data
from the Global Burden of Disease Study found that an
unhealthy diet is now the leading cause of early death.
The type and quality of the food we eat, affect our
mental health. And any mental illness may affect the type and
pattern of our eating.
Work Stress and Employee Health Ganster, Daniel C.; Rosen, Christopher C.
Journal of management,
07/2013, Letnik:
39, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Research examining the relationship between work stress and well-being has flourished over the past 20 years. At the same time, research on physiological stress processes has also advanced ...significantly. One of the major advances in this literature has been the emergence of the Allostatic Load model as a central organizing theory for understanding the physiology of stress. In this article, the Allostatic Load model is used as an organizing framework for reviewing the vast literature that has considered health outcomes that are associated with exposure to psychosocial stressors at work. This review spans multiple disciplines and includes a critical discussion of management and applied psychology research, epidemiological studies, and recent developments in biology, neuroendocrinology, and physiology that provide insight into how workplace experiences affect well-being. The authors critically review the literature within an Allostatic Load framework, with a focus on primary (e.g., stress hormones, anxiety and tension) and secondary (e.g., resting blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index) mediators, as well as tertiary disease end points (e.g., cardiovascular disease, depression, mortality). Recommendations are provided for how future research can offer deeper insight into primary Allostatic Load processes that explain the effects of workplace experiences on mental and physical well-being.
Abstract Mental stress is a common problem that affects individuals all over the world. Stress reduces human functionality during routine work and may lead to severe health defects. Early detection ...of stress is important for preventing diseases and other negative health-related consequences of stress. Several neuroimaging techniques have been utilized to assess mental stress, however, due to its ease of use, robustness, and non-invasiveness, electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used. This paper aims to fill a knowledge gap by reviewing the different EEG-related deep learning algorithms with a focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs) for the evaluation of mental stress. The review focuses on data representation, individual deep neural network model architectures, hybrid models, and results amongst others. The contributions of the paper address important issues such as data representation and model architectures. Out of all reviewed papers, 67% used CNN, 9% LSTM, and 24% hybrid models. Based on the reviewed literature, we found that dataset size and different representations contributed to the performance of the proposed networks. Raw EEG data produced classification accuracy around 62% while using spectral and topographical representation produced up to 88%. Nevertheless, the roles of generalizability across different deep learning models and individual differences remain key areas of inquiry. The review encourages the exploration of innovative avenues, such as EEG data image representations concurrently with graph convolutional neural networks (GCN), to mitigate the impact of inter-subject variability. This novel approach not only allows us to harmonize structural nuances within the data but also facilitates the integration of temporal dynamics, thereby enabling a more comprehensive assessment of mental stress levels.
It is generally accepted that the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which consists of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous systems (PNS), are reflected in the low- (LF) ...and high-frequency (HF) bands in heart rate variability (HRV)-while, not without some controversy, the ratio of the powers in those frequency bands, the so called LF-HF ratio (LF/HF), has been used to quantify the degree of sympathovagal balance. Indeed, recent studies demonstrate that, in general: (i) sympathovagal balance cannot be accurately measured via the ratio of the LF- and HF- power bands; and (ii) the correspondence between the LF/HF ratio and the psychological and physiological state of a person is not unique. Since the standard LF/HF ratio provides only a single degree of freedom for the analysis of this 2D phenomenon, we propose a joint treatment of the LF and HF powers in HRV within a two-dimensional representation framework, thus providing the required degrees of freedom. By virtue of the proposed 2D representation, the restrictive assumption of the linear dependence between the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the LF-HF frequency band powers is demonstrated to become unnecessary. The proposed analysis framework also opens up completely new possibilities for a more comprehensive and rigorous examination of HRV in relation to physical and mental states of an individual, and makes possible the categorization of different stress states based on HRV. In addition, based on instantaneous amplitudes of Hilbert-transformed LF- and HF-bands, a novel approach to estimate the markers of stress in HRV is proposed and is shown to improve the robustness to artifacts and irregularities, critical issues in real-world recordings. The proposed approach for resolving the ambiguities in the standard LF/HF-ratio analyses is verified over a number of real-world stress-invoking scenarios.
Stress is revealed by the inability of individuals to cope with their environment, which is frequently evidenced by a failure to achieve their full potential in tasks or goals. This study aims to ...assess the feasibility of estimating the level of stress that the user is perceiving related to a specific task through an electroencephalograpic (EEG) system. This system is integrated with a Serious Game consisting of a multi-level stress driving tool, and Deep Learning (DL) neural networks are used for classification. The game involves controlling a vehicle to dodge obstacles, with the number of obstacles increasing based on complexity. Assuming that there is a direct correlation between the difficulty level of the game and the stress level of the user, a recurrent neural network (RNN) with a structure based on gated recurrent units (GRU) was used to classify the different levels of stress. The results show that the RNN model is able to predict stress levels above current state-of-the-art with up to 94% accuracy in some cases, suggesting that the use of EEG systems in combination with Serious Games and DL represents a promising technique in the prediction and classification of mental stress levels.
Through a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies from 68 samples, this study examines the role of time in three types of occupational stressor-strain effects. First, this study reviews the extent to ...which correlations between stressors and strains when both are measured at the same time point (i.e. synchronous effects) change with the passage of time. Second, this review examines the extent to which stressors predict increases in strain (i.e. lagged effects) and whether these effects vary across different time lags. Third, this paper considers the extent to which strains predict increases in stressors (i.e. reverse causation effects), and whether these effects vary across different time lags. Results indicate that synchronous effects tend to increase over time, suggesting that the effects of chronic stressors build up through cumulative exposure. Lagged effects were generally small but their magnitude increased over time for about three years before declining, whereas the average size of reverse causation effects was also small but tended to increase across time. The lagged and reverse causation effects were highly variable, especially among studies with sample sizes under 500, suggesting that large sample sizes are needed to detect them reliably. Implications for longitudinal occupational stress theory and research are discussed.
With growing recognition that bullying is a complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors, research findings to date have been understood within a social-ecological framework. Consistent with ...this model, we review research on the known correlates and contributing factors in bullying/victimization within the individual, family, peer group, school and community. Recognizing the fluid and dynamic nature of involvement in bullying, we then expand on this model and consider research on the consequences of bullying involvement, as either victim or bully or both, and propose a social-ecological, diathesis-stress model for understanding the bullying dynamic and its impact. Specifically, we frame involvement in bullying as a stressful life event for both children who bully and those who are victimized, serving as a catalyst for a diathesis-stress connection between bullying, victimization, and psychosocial difficulties. Against this backdrop, we suggest that effective bullying prevention and intervention efforts must take into account the complexities of the human experience, addressing both individual characteristics and history of involvement in bullying, risk and protective factors, and the contexts in which bullying occurs, in order to promote healthier social relationships.
The role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis has long been recognized, recently their contribution to immunological and inflammatory processes is emerging. Platelets could be the missing link ...between cardiovascular disease, chronic stress and depressive symptoms. Both physical and mental stressors cause platelet activation reflected by changes in platelet bioactivity and aggregation. Here we evaluate the proinflammatory platelet response to acute and chronic mental stress. In a prospective study design an acute mental stress test was administered to 55 healthy male participants once without and once in the presence of chronic mental stress. Blood was collected prior to and at three time points following an acute mental stress test (0, 30, 60 min). Platelet proinflammatory activation markers, were assessed using FACS analysis and aggregability was measured in response to ADP or epinephrine using PFA-100. A linear mixed model was used for analysis. Chronic mental stress lead to a significant increase in state anxiety (
p
< 0.001), depressive symptoms (
p
= 0.045) and perceived stress (
p
= 0.001). The factor “chronic mental stress” was significantly associated with increased numbers of CD63+ platelets (
p
= 0.009). The factor “acute mental stress” was associated with alterations in CD62P+ platelets (
p
< 0.001), CD63+ platelets (
p
= 0.011), PAC-1+ platelets (p < 0.001) as well as platelet leucocyte aggregates (
p
= 0.019). The recovery of CD62P function following the acute mental stress exposure was significantly impaired by chronic stress (
p
= 0.023). Aggregation was affected by chronic and acute mental stress. In conclusion, mental stress is linked to an increased and prolonged proinflammatory platelet bioactivity. This proinflammatory and immunomodulatory stimuli could help to explain the link between mental and somatic disorders.
Graphical Abstract
Advances in robotics have contributed to the prevalence of human-robot collaboration (HRC). Working and interacting with collaborative robots in close proximity can be psychologically stressful. ...Therefore, it is important to understand the impacts of human-robot interaction (HRI) on mental stress to promote psychological well-being at the workplace. To this end, this study investigated how the HRI presence, complexity, and modality affect psychological stress in humans and discussed possible HRI design criteria during HRC. An experimental setup was implemented in which human operators worked with a collaborative robot on a Lego assembly task, using different interaction paradigms involving pressing buttons, showing hand gestures, and giving verbal commands. The NASA-Task Load Index, as a subjective measure, and the physiological galvanic skin conductance response, as an objective measure, were used to assess the levels of mental stress. The results revealed that the introduction of interactions during HRC helped reduce mental stress and that complex interactions resulted in higher mental stress than simple interactions. Meanwhile, the use of certain interaction modalities, such as verbal commands or hand gestures, led to significantly higher mental stress than pressing buttons, while no significant difference on mental stress was found between showing hand gestures and giving verbal commands.
Major life stressors, especially those involving interpersonal stress and social rejection, are among the strongest proximal risk factors for depression. In this review, we propose a biologically ...plausible, multilevel theory that describes neural, physiologic, molecular, and genomic mechanisms that link experiences of social-environmental stress with internal biological processes that drive depression pathogenesis. Central to this social signal transduction theory of depression is the hypothesis that experiences of social threat and adversity up-regulate components of the immune system involved in inflammation. The key mediators of this response, called proinflammatory cytokines, can in turn elicit profound changes in behavior, which include the initiation of depressive symptoms such as sad mood, anhedonia, fatigue, psychomotor retardation, and social-behavioral withdrawal. This highly conserved biological response to adversity is critical for survival during times of actual physical threat or injury. However, this response can also be activated by modern-day social, symbolic, or imagined threats, leading to an increasingly proinflammatory phenotype that may be a key phenomenon driving depression pathogenesis and recurrence, as well as the overlap of depression with several somatic conditions including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Insights from this theory may thus shed light on several important questions including how depression develops, why it frequently recurs, why it is strongly predicted by early life stress, and why it often co-occurs with symptoms of anxiety and with certain physical disease conditions. This work may also suggest new opportunities for preventing and treating depression by targeting inflammation.
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