This paper develops the premise that capitalism and patriarchy, which understand conservation in terms of enclosure, use it as another instrument of colonization of the Third World, women s work, and ...nature. The author concludes that Costa Rica s debt crisis provides grounds for restructuring accumulation in the industrial world by selling oxygen/carbon sink capacity as the technological solution to environmental destruction, and provides grounds for repairing masculine anxiety, or masculation, by selling its women s and children s bodies as a result of the inequality crisis. Este artículo desarrolla la premisa de que el capitalismo y el patriarcado, que entienden la conservación en términos del enclaustramiento, usan a esta como otro instrumento de colonización del Tercer Mundo, del trabajo de las mujeres y de la naturaleza. La autora concluye que la crisis de la deuda de Costa Rica provee el terreno adecuado para reestructurar la acumulación de capitales en el mundo industrial a través de la venta de oxígeno/fijación de carbono como la solución tecnológica en contra de la destrucción del medio ambiente, y provee bases para reparar la ansiedad masculina, de aquellos que viven en los países industriales a través de la venta de los cuerpos de las mujeres y niñas como resultado de la crisis de desigualdad.
This paper is devoted to a reflexion about the possible incidence of economic topics on the transformation of the State in eighteenth century Spain. Leaving apart the debate on the "modern state", it ...is assumed that during the eighteenth century the process of the straightening of the State (absolutism), with a long history behind it, is still going on. Pushed by their own needs or under the influence of bourgeois groups, the Spanish governments of that century made laws or modified traditional jurisdiction in favour of merchants, industrialists and their activities, hi practice they were chaging their policies towards and increase of royal absolutism. The character of the "reformas" of the time, the meaning of the term "freedom" and the study of some particular reforms and their consequences, are part of this general reflexion.
From French Physiocrat theories of the blood-like circulation of wealth to Adam Smith's "invisible hand" of the market, the body has played a crucial role in Western perceptions of the economic. In ...Renaissance culture, however, the dominant bodily metaphors for national wealth and economy were derived from the relatively new language of infectious disease. Whereas traditional Galenic medicine had understood illness as a state of imbalance within the body, early modern writers increasingly reimagined disease as an invasive foreign agent. The rapid rise of global trade in the sixteenth century, and the resulting migrations of people, money, and commodities across national borders, contributed to this growing pathologization of the foreign; conversely, the new trade-inflected vocabularies of disease helped writers to represent the contours of national and global economies. Grounded in scrupulous analyses of cultural and economic history,Sick Economies: Drama, Mercantilism, and Disease in Shakespeare's Englandteases out the double helix of the pathological and the economic in two seemingly disparate spheres of early modern textual production: drama and mercantilist writing. Of particular interest to this study are the ways English playwrights, such as Shakespeare, Jonson, Heywood, Massinger, and Middleton, and mercantilists, such as Malynes, Milles, Misselden, and Mun, rooted their conceptions of national economy in the language of disease. Some of these diseases-syphilis, taint, canker, plague, hepatitis-have subsequently lost their economic connotations; others-most notably consumption-remain integral to the modern economic lexicon but have by and large shed their pathological senses. Breaking new ground by analyzing English mercantilism primarily as a discursive rather than an ideological or economic system,Sick Economiesprovides a compelling history of how, even in our own time, defenses of transnational economy have paradoxically pathologized the foreign. In the process, Jonathan Gil Harris argues that what we now regard as the discrete sphere of the economic cannot be disentangled from seemingly unrelated domains of Renaissance culture, especially medicine and the theater.
Nossa avaliação de sistemas teóricos do passado é frequentemente prejudicada pela identificação tácita entre as categorias conceituais de ontem e hoje, problema que se agrava ao tratarmos de ideias ...que antecedem a plena consolidação de uma disciplina. O estudo da doutrina mercantilista costuma ser contaminado por tais dificuldades. Neste trabalho, oferecemos uma nova perspectiva acerca das ideias dos economistas britânicos do início do século 17, avaliando-as à luz do contexto intelectual que lhes é próprio. Este período caracteriza-se por uma leitura da realidade econômica em que a moeda desempenha papel fundamental. Autores como Malynes, Misselden e Mun acreditavam que a administração adequada da moeda viabilizaria o bom funcionamento do comércio internacional e dinamizaria a atividade econômica interna, garantindo a prosperidade nacional. Ao compreender esta base analítica comum, podemos entrever a origem das intensas divergências entre os autores, determinantes dos rumos da discussão teórica subsequente.
When evaluating theoretical systems of the past, one is frequently misled by tacitly identifying yesterday's theoretical concepts with those currently prevailing, a problem made more serious when dealing with ideas which predate the full consolidation of a discipline. Studies of mercantilistic doctrine use to be tainted by such difficulties. In the present article, we offer a new perspective regarding the ideas of seventeenth-century British economic authors, evaluating them in light of their proper intellectual context. We argue that the period is characterized by an understanding of the economic realm in which money plays a central role. Authors such as Malynes, Misselden and Mun have believed that a proper money management could assure a well-functioning international trade and dynamize domestic economic activity, guaranteeing national prosperity. Comprehending this shared analytical base, we can grasp the origins of the intense divergences among those authors, which would determine the path of subsequent theoretical debate.
In the current work I intend to inquire into the internal motives that led the Portuguese seaborne empire to decadence. After making a brief review of the historiography about the decline of Estado ...da Índia, I proceed to the analysis of the Crown-Church-Nobility triangle in the course of os Descobrimentos, and of their respective roles in the evolution of Portuguese empire. The absolutization of the crown, the over-expansion of the clergy and the empowerment of the aristocracy became the most conspicuous and longstanding features in the Portuguese social fabric after the country launched herself into maritime undertakings, which crippled her agriculture and retarded the industrialization. As a consequence, the rise of bourgeoisie and the transformation of mercantilist economy into the capitalist were obstructed, and a strong adventurous but non-productive spirit mixed with disdain of manual work prevailed both in metropolis and in overseas territories. In conclusion, the Portuguese decadence commenced from within rather than from without, and far prior to Dutch intrusions in Portuguese Asia, which only accelerated the decline.
No presente trabalho tenciono indagar as causas internas que dirigiram o império marítimo português à decadência. Depois de uma revisitação da historiografia relativa ao declínio do Estado da Índia, procedo a uma análise do triângulo de Monarca-Igreja-Nobreza durante os Descobrimentos e dos seus papéis respectivos no evoluir do Império português. É verificável que a absolutização da Coroa, a sobre-expansão do clero e a potenciação da aristocracia tornaram-se as características mais salientes e duradouras na estrutura social portuguesa depois de o país se lançar nas façanhas marítimas, do que resultou a agricultura prejudicada e indústria atrasada. A predominância dessas três instituições, por um lado, impediu a ascensão da burguesia, assim dificultando a transformação da economia mercantilista na capitalista, e, por outro, promoveu espírito aventureiro não-produtivo e aversão contra o trabalho manual tanto na metrópole como no ultramar. Portanto, o declínio do Império português principia-se "de dentro" ao invés de "de fora", e bem antes de ataques holandeses que só o aceleraram.
A finales del siglo XVII y a lo largo del siglo XVIII asistimos a la elaboración de la idea autónoma del trabajo. En los medios intelectuales de la economía política, el trabajo surge como una ...realidad abstracta desgajada de la vida. A partir de entonces, la relación entre trabajo y vida se planteará como un problema y se ensayarán diversos discursos, en unos casos para corroborar una ruptura irreparable, en otros para establecer las nuevas condiciones de compatibilidad entre estas dos realidades humanas. En este artículo analizamos dos propuestas, una optimista y otra pesimista, elaboradas en cada uno de los dos primeros ciclos históricos de la reflexión sobre la relación entre trabajo y la vida.
This research study examines the historical evolution of globalization, taking into account its onset and dissemination. It also conducts a thorough review of global processes that have an impact on ...national and international law. It then goes on to discuss the challenges faced by the Colombian government and society with regard to global challenges. It provides a starting point for a brief reflection on how the government needs to be prepared to properly cope with the ongoing globalization process. Lastly, it looks into the governability of globalization and the role of international law and national judicial systems regarding the globalization process.
Nessa pesquisa é analisada a globalização a partir de sua evolução histórica, quanto a seu nascimento e aplicação e, além disso, é feito um estudo muito criterioso dos processos globais que influenciam o direito nacional e internacional. Em seguida, passam a estabelecer-se os desafios enfrentados pelo Estado colombiano e a sociedade face aos desafios globais; aí refletimos um pouco sobre a forma como o Estado tem de se preparar para sair-se bem do processo globalizador que está em movimento. Por último é analisada a governabilidade da globalização e o papel que cumprem o direito internacional e os sistemas jurídicos nacionais nesse processo.
En esta investigación se analiza la globalización a través su evolución histórica, en cuanto a su nacimiento y aplicación; además se hace un estudio muy juicioso de los procesos globales que influyen en el derecho nacional e internacional. Después se establecen los retos que enfrenta el Estado colombiano y la sociedad de cara a los desafíos globales; allí reflexionamos sobre la forma como se tiene que preparar el Estado para salir bien librado del proceso globalizador que está en marcha. Por último se analiza la gobernabilidad de la globalización y el papel que cumple el derecho internacional y los sistemas jurídicos nacionales en dicho proceso.
A través de este trabajo pretendemos realizar un análisis del pensamiento económico mercantilista, pues muchos autores subvaloran la importancia de la contribución de su pensamiento, que en la ...práctica y en la teoría, favorecieron sin lugar a dudas al desarrollo de la Política Burguesa como ciencia. Aún cuando en sus estudios el avance de la economía política es extremadamente limitado, en la etapa final de su desarrollo, sientan las bases para comprender que en la producción existen las evidencias indispensables para la transformación de la economía política en ciencia.
Leading international economists assess Eli Heckscher's contributions to economics and economic history, especially his efforts to bridge the gap between the two.
Eli Heckscher (1879-1952) is ...celebrated for his contributions to international trade theory, particularly the factor proportions theory of comparative advantage in international trade known as the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. His work in both economic theory and economic history is notable for combining theoretical insights with a profound knowledge of economic history and the history of economic thought. In this volume, leading international economists assess the importance of Heckscher's work and its relevance to the contemporary practice of economic history.
The contributors first discuss Heckscher's efforts to forge the discipline of economic history by combining both the historian's careful evaluation of sources and the economist's rigorous models. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of factor proportions is described and tested empirically. Contributors then apply the theory to historical material, including Mediterranean trade in Biblical times, the economic effects of two periods of plague eight centuries apart, and tariff policy in 35 countries from 1870 to 1938. Heckscher's masterly work on mercantilism, the Continental Blockade, and Swedish economic history is also described and appraised in light of recent historical research.
Contributors
Benny Carlson, François Crouzet, Lance E. Davis, Stanley L. Engerman, Ronald Findlay, Harry Flam, Rolf G. H. Henriksson, Eva, Einar, Ivar, and Sten Heckscher, Douglas A. Irwin, Ronald W. Jones, Deepak Lal, Håkan Lindgren, Mats Lundahl, Lars Magnusson, Joel Mokyr, Mats Morell, Patrick O'Brien, Kevin H. O'Rourke, Bo Sandelin, Lennart Schön, Johan Söderberg, Peter Temin, Jeffrey G. Williamson
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