O presente artigo estuda o contrabando no século XVIII, em especial em relação ao Rio de Janeiro e ao Atlântico Sul. Neste artigo discuto não apenas a mecânica do contrabando e os participantes deste ...comércio ilegal, mas os vários fatores que ocasionaram as medidas portuguesas, metropolitanas e coloniais para impedir o comércio clandestino. Estudo particularmente como tais medidas representaram um compromisso entre diferentes interesses, tais como: o papel do monarca, a integridade ou a maleabilidade da autoridade real, a aplicação dessa legislação e os tipos de penalidades impostas aos infratores, trazendo questões sobre o que constituíam ações legais ou ilegais, assim como questões mais amplas relativas à ética e à moralidade pública no Brasil colônia.
This article focuses on contraband in the eighteenth century, with special reference to Rio de Janeiro and the South Atlantic. It discusses not merely the mechanics of contraband and the participants in this illegal trade, but the many factors that contributed to Portuguese metropolitan and colonial measures to curb clandestine trade. I am particularly intrigued by the degree to which such measures represented a compromise between different interests. The role of the monarch, the integrity or malleability of royal authority, the latitude in enforcement of such legislation and the range of penalties imposed on infractors raise questions as to what constituted legal or illegal actions, as well as broader issues of ethics and public morality in colonial Brazil.
Wherever international commerce flows in world politics, military power often flows with it - sometimes as a protector of commerce, sometimes as its promoters and sometimes as a tool of aggression ...against it. How are military power and international trade related? Do military power and commerce expand together or does military power decline as commerce (and perhaps interdependence) increases? Does this relationship vary across countries and, if so how? Power, Conflict and Trade is a study of the relationship between military power and international commerce among the Great Powers prior to World War I. After building an argument for a direct relationship between military power and commerce - one grounded in a mercantilist view of state power- and exploring their numerous connections, the book estimates models of the relationship among the Great Powers and explores a great deal of their commercial and military data, all of which is situated in the context of their mutual rivalries. Another question investigated is whether the peacetime conflicts and rivalries of the Great Powers affected their trade relations adversely. There is strong support for the argument that military power and commerce move together in world politics, though there is evidence for an inverse relationship as well.
The reasons of the laissez-faire: an analysis of the attack to mercantilism and of the defense of economic liberty in The Wealth of Nations. The main reasons presented in The Wealth of Nations to ...advocate the system of economic liberty and reject mercantilism are analyzed. These two systems are evaluated considering basically their impact on the annual product, and the degree of liberty and justice they engender. Based on his views of man and of capital hierarchy, Smith defends the superiority of economic liberty in what concerns the growth of the annual product. This system is also considered superior to mercantilism in terms of justice since it does not privilege any sector of society and allows a great level of liberty to the individuals.
The contemporary organization of global violence is neither timeless nor natural, argues Janice Thomson. It is distinctively modern. In this book she examines how the present arrangement of the world ...into violence-monopolizing sovereign states evolved over the six preceding centuries.
Until now, Andean peasants have primarily been thought of by scholars as isolated subsistence farmers, "resistant" to money and to different markets in the region. Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration ...in the Andes overturns this widely held assumption and puts in its place a new perspective as it explores the dynamic between Andean cultural, social, and economic practices and the market forces of a colonial and postcolonial mercantile economy. Bringing together the work of outstanding scholars in Andean history, anthropology, and ethnohistory, these pioneering essays show how, from the very earliest period of Spanish rule, Andean peasants and their rulers embraced the new economic opportunities and challenged or subverted the new structures introduced by the colonial administration. They also convincingly explain why in the twentieth century the mistaken idea developed that Andean peasants were conservative and unable to participate effectively in different markets, and reveal how closely ethnic inequalities were tied to evolving market relations. Inviting a critical reconsideration of ethnic, class, and gender issues in the context of rural Andean markets, this book will revise the prevailing view of Andean history and provide a more fully informed picture of the complex mercantile activities of Andean peasants.
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