es La geografía militar española durante el período 1819-1945 se presenta como una geografía aplicada, que necesita del conocimiento geográfico general para aplicarlo a las necesidades de la guerra. ...El método para el análisis de España peninsular evoluciona desde un estudio por cuencas y vertientes hidrográficas hasta otro estratégico, pasando por las circunscripciones militares. Su producción y nivel científico es muy alto en un momento en que la geografía académica no estaba institucionalizada. Sus razonamientos, ante el mismo espacio geográfico, son distintos a la geografía de los profesores, ya que su objetivo es el conocimiento geográfico del terreno para su defensa o dominio. fr La géography militaire espagnole pendat le période 1819-1945 se présente comme une géographie appliquée, qui requiert une connaissance géographique générale pour l'appliquer aux besoins concernant le thème de la guerre. Le méthode pour V analyse de l'Espagne péninsulaire évolue à partir d'une étude relative aux bassins et versants hydrographiques jusqu'à une autre relative à l´aspect stratéqique, en pasant par les circonscriptions militaires. Sa production et son niveau scientifiques résultent d'un niveau élève à un moment où la géographique académique n'était pas institutionnalisée. Face au prope espace géographique, ses raissonnements diffèrent de la géographie des professeurs, puisque son objectif est celui de la connaissance géographique du terrain pour sa défense ou son emprise.
Objective: To monitor the growth of underweight children enrolled in a therapeutic feeding programme in Sarajevo during the war. Design: About 17% of the total child population in the age group one ...to 14 years were assessed for eligibility to join a therapeutic feeding programme. All those who were found to be underweight (weight for age < 10th percentile), or suffering from certain diseases or disabilities were included in the programme. Setting: Monitoring took place in health centres and clinics in besieged Sarajevo. Subjects: A total of 49 780 children aged one to 14 years were estimated to be living in Sarajevo between May 1993 and March 1994 and 8361 (16.8%) were assessed during this period. Of these, 1283 (2.6% of the total child population) were found to be underweight and enrolled in the programme. Interventions: The public were informed about the therapeutic feeding programme through the media. All children who came forward for initial assessment were weighed, had their heights measured and were medically examined by a team of medical personnel. Those found to be underweight were included in the programme which provided high quality food items, donated as food parcels. Children were re-weighed at three monthly intervals. When a child's weight increased to 0.5 kg above 10th percentile, the child left the programme. Results: Of 1283 children enrolled in the programme, 650 (50.7%) were suffering from chronic diseases while the remaining 633 (49.3%) were underweight only. Undernutrition was highest in the four to six year old age group (19.3% with low weight for age). Over half (58.3%) of the children who were underweight but not sick gained a satisfactory weight during the study period and left the programme. Conclusions: The results suggest that the therapeutic feeding programme was successful in improving growth in a self-selected sample of underweight children.
The Panamanian government is currently negotiating with the United States to determine the extent of the cleanup of US military bases along the Panama Canal. The withdrawal of the US will be ...completed December 31, 1999. At present, there is no mechanism to ensure that the US will fund, assist with, or assume liability for environmental hazards left on former US Department of Defense lands. Known contamination consists of unexploded munitions on former firing ranges used by the US Army, Navy, and Air Force. Most of these areas are forested with forests of varying age, type, and structure. Complete cleanup could involve complete deforestation of the former bases and firing ranges. The Nature Conservancy has evaluated the ecology of the lands using their "Rapid Ecological Assessment" protocol. The US plans for the lands to become protected areas with warning signs and jersey barriers to protect the public. Panama wants assurance that future cleanup and potential legal damages will be paid for by the US. This paper attempts to summarize the current situation and recommends a potential strategy to both conserve the most biologically diverse forest while maximizing the level of rehabilitation of the areas. It is based on observations and interviews made during a ten-day trip to the Panama Canal Watershed, as well as on news articles, fact sheets from a peace advocacy organization, and primary sources such as correspondence between the US and Panama and minutes from meetings.
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