The impact of five-month basic military training on body weight and fat mass was studied in 197 male obese recruits, aged 17 to 19 years old. The training programme of five days per week lasted for ...20 weeks. Of these sessions, 57% could be considered to be physically intense for the obese subjects. No dietary restriction was imposed. The cohort was divided into three categories based on their percentage body fat, i.e. %BF 24 to <30, %BF 30 to <35 and %BF greater than or equal to 35. The overall mean weight loss was 12.5 kg or 0.63 kg per week. Mean weight losses for each category were 10.7 kg, 13.1 kg and 16.1 kg, respectively. Most of this weight was lost in the 2nd month of training. The weight loss is attributed to a decrease of body fat as determined by skinfold measurements. Attrition rate, due to training injuries resulting in temporary disabilities, was negligible at 6.1%. In conclusion, this study shows that intense physical activity over a duration of 20 weeks is effective in reducing the body fat of our obese subjects and in training obese subjects for combat duties.
Content description: An old rusty plow on a stone in Vallisaari. A view of the fire station yard opens in the background. The red-door building shown on the left is a fire chassis shed, where Ford, a ...truck and horse-drawn carriage were preserved in their time. It
opposite
a carpentry shop is shown on the right.
colored
sisällön kuvaus: Vanha ruosteinen aura kivellä Vallisaaressa. Taustalla avautuu näkymä paloaseman pihapiiriin. Vasemmalla näkyvä punaovinen rakennus on palokalustovaja, jossa säilytettiin aikanaan T-mallista Fordia, kuorma-autoa ja hevosvetoisia kärryjä. Sitä
vastapäätä
oikealla näkyy puusepänverstas.
värillinen
/ Maintaining raptor populations is a primary objective of the legislation that designates the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area. Army training activities could influence habitat ...quality for raptors by changing the density, productivity, or behavior of their Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) prey. These changes could occur directly or as a result of changes in the vegetation available as food and cover for the ground squirrels. We assessed the effects of long-term tracking by armored vehicles by comparing 9-ha areas in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) -dominated shrubsteppe and bluegrass (Poa secunda) -dominated grasslands subjected to low-intensity tracking for approximately 50 years with others that had not been tracked. We did not detect any effect on ground squirrel population dynamics associated with long-term tracking. Although densities of adults and juveniles tended to be higher in the areas exposed to such tracking, we attribute this difference to other factors that varied spatially. To determine short-term (two-year) effects, we experimentally tracked two sagebrush and two grassland sites with an M-1 tank after animals had begun their inactive season. In the following two active seasons we monitored squirrel demography and behavior and vegetative characteristics on the experimentally tracked sites and compared the results with control sites. Although we experimentally tracked approximately 33% of the surface of each of four sites where ground squirrel densities were assessed, the tracking had a detectable effect only on some herbaceous perennials and did not influence ground squirrel densities or behavior significantly during the subsequent two active seasons. We conclude that tracking after the start of the inactive season is likely to influence ground squirrel demography or behavior only if vegetation cover is substantially changed by decreasing coverage of preferred food plants or increasing the coverage of annual grasses and forbs that are succulent for only a short time each year.KEY WORDS: Armored vehicle tracking; Ground squirrels; Spermophilus townsendii; Behavior; Vegetation; Population density effects
A survey of the mosquito fauna of Fort Campbell, Kentucky (Christian County, Kentucky, and Montgomery County, Tennessee) was conducted from May 1996 to May 1998. A total of 528 mosquito collection ...sites were sampled in the most comprehensive mosquito collection effort on the military installation since 1976. A total of 42 mosquito species were identified, including new locality records for 14 species.
es La geografía militar española durante el período 1819-1945 se presenta como una geografía aplicada, que necesita del conocimiento geográfico general para aplicarlo a las necesidades de la guerra. ...El método para el análisis de España peninsular evoluciona desde un estudio por cuencas y vertientes hidrográficas hasta otro estratégico, pasando por las circunscripciones militares. Su producción y nivel científico es muy alto en un momento en que la geografía académica no estaba institucionalizada. Sus razonamientos, ante el mismo espacio geográfico, son distintos a la geografía de los profesores, ya que su objetivo es el conocimiento geográfico del terreno para su defensa o dominio. fr La géography militaire espagnole pendat le période 1819-1945 se présente comme une géographie appliquée, qui requiert une connaissance géographique générale pour l'appliquer aux besoins concernant le thème de la guerre. Le méthode pour V analyse de l'Espagne péninsulaire évolue à partir d'une étude relative aux bassins et versants hydrographiques jusqu'à une autre relative à l´aspect stratéqique, en pasant par les circonscriptions militaires. Sa production et son niveau scientifiques résultent d'un niveau élève à un moment où la géographique académique n'était pas institutionnalisée. Face au prope espace géographique, ses raissonnements diffèrent de la géographie des professeurs, puisque son objectif est celui de la connaissance géographique du terrain pour sa défense ou son emprise.
Objective: To monitor the birthweight of children and the breast feeding practices of their mothers in one municipal area of besieged Sarajevo (Dobrinja) during the war. Design: A sample of babies ...born in Dobrinja in the period 1 April 1992 to 1 April 1994 were monitored. Setting: Data were collected at the paediatric clinic, Dobrinja, Sarajevo. Subjects: The sample included 70 of the babies born in Dobrinja during the survey period who attended the paediatric clinic. Interventions: Babies were weighed and medically examined immediately after birth. Data on breast feeding practices of all children were gathered by interviewing the mothers. Results: Ten out of 70 babies (14.3%) were low birth weight (<2500 grams). Half of the low birth weight babies had doubled their weight by three months of age. None of the low birth weight babies suffered from severe infections (only sporadic cases of enterocolitis) or psychomotor disorders in the first year of life. A total of 61 babies were breast fed until approximately one year of age, 17 children continued to breast feed after one year of age. Conclusions: Despite the adverse influence of the war on living conditions and the stress experienced by pregnant women and babies, levels of perinatal mortality and severe child morbidity were not uncommonly high in Dobrinja. A relatively high percentage of babies born during the war were of low birth weight but most achieved catch-up growth during the first year of life. The findings suggest that babies were adequately protected. This is probably due in part to the promotion of breast feeding and the distribution of supplementary food commodities to mothers and children initiated by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other humanitarian organisations.
Nutrition in pre-war Sarajevo Zec, S; Telebak, B; Sljepcevic, O ...
European journal of clinical nutrition
49
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Objective: To assess nutritional status, dietary intake and lifestyle habits of non-manual workers in Sarajevo. Design: Healthy employees in non-manual occupations from four large companies were ...invited to participate in a nutrition and health survey during 1990 and 1991. Setting: All the subjects were working in the city centre of Sarajevo. Subjects: 1860 subjects (1120 men and 740 women) aged from 20-65 years of age participated. Interventions: Nutritional status was evaluated through anthropometric measurements (weights and heights) and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Data on health status, diet and lifestyle were gathered through individual questionnaires. Results: Overall, 4.3% of the sample was found to be underweight (BMI < 18.5). Nearly 12% of women and 5.5% of men were obese (BMI > 30.5). The majority of the obese men were in responsible positions (for example, directors, heads of departments). The majority of obese women were in the 35-45 years old age group in the post-maternity period. Intakes of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate exceeded former Yugoslavian recommended dietary allowances. About one third of participants (34.3% men and 27.3% women) smoked heavily and 18.1% of men drank alcohol. A total of 16.2% of men and 11.6% of women suffered from hypertension. Conclusions: The food intake of the population of Sarajevo before the war was generally high. There was high consumption of meat, fatty foods and alcoholic drinks (particularly among men) and low levels of physical activity. This resulted in high levels of obesity and chronic degenerative diseases such as hypertension. Thus, high living standards and physical inactivity had a damaging effect on the health of non-manual workers in pre-war Sarajevo.
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