With the accession of Croatia to NATO, Croatian military terminology was confronted with a vast and complex terminological pool in English, for which Croatian equivalents had to be developed. This ...paper aims to address and investigate both latent and conspicuous mirroring of English term-formation patterns at all linguistic levels, as well as calqueing as a mechanism for creating Croatian equivalents. The research was undertaken on a corpus-verified excerpt of terms that were subjected to terminological analysis. Prima facie observations confirmed the efforts of subject matter experts to develop contemporary Croatian military terminology using Croatian language material. However, multiple criteria revealed the sample was debatable, both from the perspective of the standard Croatian language and of terminological principles. The research demonstrated that Croatian (terminological) term formation – as the most desirable method of term formation – is significantly underrepresented and dominated by latent linguistic borrowing (calques) and multiword term units. Because multiword terms constitute the most prevalent subgroup of terms today, they were given additional consideration, especially as Anglo-American structures and patterns are most closely emulated at this level of term formation. Anglo-American formation patterns frequently take priority, typically under the pretext of their alleged precision and transparency, despite the Croatian language substantial inherent term-formation potential. To systematize military terminology and introduce stability into the conceptual system, the author deemed it beneficial to go beyond the merely descriptive level of research and render solutions for terminological gaps or the terminology requiring revision and normative preference by undertaking concrete normative interventions and providing practical paradigmatic models. Finally, the rendered solutions were designed to both catalyze future interventions in Croatian military terminology and revise the current one.
Primitkom Hrvatske u NATO hrvatsko se vojno nazivlje našlo suočeno s bogatom i razrađenom terminološkom stečevinom na engleskome jeziku za koju je trebalo iznaći hrvatske istovrijednice. Svrha je ovoga rada raspraviti i istražiti kako latentno tako i ono izravno zrcaljenje engleskih tvorbenih obrazaca na svim jezičnim razinama te kalkiranje kao mehanizam stvaranja hrvatskih istovrijednica. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 20 naziva potvrđenih u pripremljenome korpusu. Prvim pogledom u korpus zamjetna je težnja da se suvremeni vojni nazivi stvaraju hrvatskim jezičnim materijalom. Međutim, prema višestrukim kriterijima dokazuje se kako je uzorak dvojben, i s motrišta sustava hrvatskoga standardnog jezika i terminoloških načela. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je danas hrvatska tvorba – kao najpoželjniji način postanka novih naziva – krajnje podzastupljena te da u pozadini postanka vojnoga nazivlja dominira latentno posuđivanje koje leksički, sintaktički ili semantički potpuno ili djelomično odstupa od hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Posebna je pozornost posvećena višerječnim nazivima, pogotovo imajući na umu da se na toj razini postanka naziva najviše preslikavaju engleska ustrojstva i modeli. Unatoč bogatim tvorbenim potencijalima hrvatskoga jezika, razvidno je kako engleski tvorbeni modeli često preuzimaju primat, nerijetko pod egidom njihove navodne preciznosti i prozirnosti. Težnja je, radi usustavljivanja nazivlja i unošenja stabilnosti u pojmovni sustav, nadići isključivo deskriptivnu razinu istraživanja te konkretnim normativnim zahvatima i praktičnim paradigmatskim modelima ponuditi rješenja za terminološke praznine ili za nazivlje koje zahtijeva revidiranje i normativni odabir. Konačno, predložena rješenja osmišljena su kako bi se potaknulo daljnje rješavanje problematičnih točaka za koje hrvatski jezik nedvojbeno ima odgovor.
The aim of this article is to analyze the basic phrases from the operational plans / orders by explaining concepts such as mission and execution, together with their elements, from a semantic and ...grammatical approach, and also by adding plastic elements in order to facilitate the understanding of the debated topics.
The article highlights the issue of teaching English military terminology in uniformed classes. It draws the conclusions on conducting authorial military terminology syllabus in one of the schools ...carrying out the pedagogical innovation, which has assumed patronage of Polish Air Force Academy (PAFA). Military classes gained a huge popularity, having met the youth’s interest in armed for ces they became a key element in national defense education.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the functioning of the abbreviation in the military sphere. The objectives of the study are to determine the role and specifics of the use of ...abbreviations in official documents of the military sphere; conducting a survey among cadets of a military university and identifying the features of the use of abbreviations in the professional jargon of cadets. The authors claim that there is an active penetration of abbreviations from the language of official papers into the oral speech of cadets. When using an abbreviation in the jargon of cadets, elements of a language game are highlighted, methods and techniques of its creation are studied. The practical significance of the research in the possibility of applying its results in the process of teaching linguistic disciplines at a university is lied.
The aim of this paper was to revisit and shed new light on the generally accepted view that the impact of German-Illyrian dictionary (Nĕmačko-ilirski slovar) by Ivan Mažuranić and Jakov Užarević of ...1842 on Bogoslav Šulek’s German-Croatian dictionary (Nĕmačko-hrvatski rĕčnik) of 1860 was decisive and indispensable in many aspects, nothing if not a fundamental dictionary in Šulek’s work. This research was undertaken to put to the test this assertion by investigating more in depth the military subcorpora of both dictionaries, especially bearing in mind Šulek being the founding father of Croatian military terminology. The primary goal was to excerpt Croatian military terminology from both dictionaries in order for them to be mutually juxtaposed and made subject to a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. In terms of quantitative outcomes, we tried to detect and register German headwords and their corresponding Croatian equivalents to the most comprehensive extent possible, having produced two parallel subcorpora. The results of the correlational analysis prompted us to re-evaluate the proportions of Mažuranić and Užarević’s influence on Šulek. In terms of qualitative results, the research primarily outlined the spectrum of word-formation methods in both dictionaries and linguistic purism tendencies. In the final analysis, it can be reasonably assumed that Šulek did resort to the German-Illyrian dictionary as one of his valuable sources but in all likelihood as an auxiliary one, let alone a fundamental one.
Specialized lexis used by American military personnel includes an official technolect, technical nomenclatures, tactical codes, as well as an abundant, diversified jargon. The latter is spontaneously ...created by the members of military units, and relies on several lexicogenic matrices, which we attempt to classify in this study by reformulating available descriptions of lexicogenic mechanisms. Metaphors and abbreviations account for a significant proportion of the 190 items in our dataset. An analysis of the institutional roles played by U.S. military jargon was also carried out: alongside bonding, humor and encryption, this lexical material also serves to recount implicit narratives, express negative stance about the military, and formulate stereotypes about the constraints of military life. Building “role diagrams” allows to visualize the balance between these six roles for an individual lexical item.
L’article tracta els problemes de l’organització del coneixement de termes de la terminologia militar anglesa amb el seu subcamp de termes de suport a la pau. Presenta els fonaments comuns entre la ...terminologia i l’organització del coneixement com a disciplines científiques. L’anàlisi es basa a revelar l’organització del sistema de conceptes militars proporcionant definicions i diagrames que mostren les relacions semàntiques entre els principals conceptes militars del domini investigat.
The article deals with the problems of knowledge organisation (KO) of terms from English military terminology with a focus on peace support terms. It presents the common grounds between terminology and KO as scientific disciplines. The analysis is based on revealing the organisation of the military concept system by
providing definitions and diagrams which show the semantic relations between the main military concepts in the researched domain.
The new requirements regarding the professionalization of the Romanian armed forces derived from our country’s becoming a NATO and EU member state. The challenges of the 21
century battlefield demand ...the development not only of certain soldierly skills, but also of the abilities to properly function in a multicultural context. The cadets of the military academies are the future officers that will operate in the international theatres of operations. Being engaged in multinational formations and having to work side by side with foreign military personnel, our cadets need to have a good command of the English language, as well as to acquire and develop the intercultural skills necessary to appropriately function in a multicultural environment. Thus, a shift in the curricula of the Romanian military academies has been made, from an emphasis on the transmission of knowledge content to a focus on relating language to the target culture and developing cadets’ linguistic and intercultural competences. This paper suggests some methods and techniques that have proven efficient when teaching basic military English in the Land Forces Academy.
U radu se propituju dosadašnje znanstvene spoznaje o početcima službene izgradnje hrvatskoga vojnog nazivlja iz druge polovice 19. stoljeća, u prvome redu o jedinstvenosti uloge Bogoslava Šuleka kao ...njegova utemeljitelja. Istraživanjem primarnih izvora dokazuje se da Šulek, premda stožerna figura vojnoterminografskih nastojanja, nije bio jedini stvaratelj hrvatske vojne riječi. Proučavanjem arhivske građe u Zagrebu i Beču na vidjelo izlazi niz autora, koji su u jeku ustrojavanja domobranstva prevodili vojne priručnike na hrvatski jezik. Štoviše, uz brojne naslove vojnostručne literature, objavili su i dva pionirska vojnojezična priručnika. Autori su redom pripadali domobranskom časničkom predavačkom kadru, tako da je Šulek među njima bio jedina nevojna osoba. Nova konfiguracija zaslužnikâ izgradnje hrvatskoga vojnog nazivlja otkriva da su se neki važni naslovi dosad pogrešno pripisivali Šuleku, no i upućuje na nove spoznaje o opsegu Šulekova opusa te dostupnosti njegovih naslova. Usporedbom časničkih prijevoda s onima Bogoslava Šuleka upotpunjuje se mozaik jezične koncepcije izgradnje hrvatskoga vojnog nazivlja.
The paper examines the current scholarly insights about the beginnings of the official development of Croatian military terminology from the second half of the 19th century, primarily about the uniqueness of the role of Bogoslav Šulek as its founder. The research of primary sources proves that Šulek – although a pivotal figure in military terminography efforts – was not the only creator of the Croatian military lexis. By studying the archives in Zagreb and Vienna, a number of authors came to light, who translated military manuals into Croatian amid the dynamic establishment of the Croatian Home Guard. Moreover, in addition to numerous military literature titles, they also published two pioneering military-language manuals. The authors belonged to the Home Guard officer's teaching staff, so Šulek stood as the only non-military person among them. The new configuration of those responsible for the establishment of Croatian military terminology reveals how some important titles have so far been wrongly attributed to Šulek, but also points to new insights into the scope of Šulek’s opus and the availability of his titles. The comparison of officers’ translations with those of Bogoslav Šulek completes the mosaic of the linguistic conception of the construction of Croatian military terminology.
PDF
