Previous research has found inconsistent relationships between trait mindfulness and state mindfulness. To extend previous research, we sought to examine the unique associations between self-report ...trait mindfulness and state mindfulness by levels of meditation experience (meditation-naïve vs. meditation-experienced) and by mindfulness induction (experimentally induced mindful state vs. control group). We recruited 299 college students (93 with previous mindfulness meditation experience) to participate in an experiment that involved the assessment of five facets of trait mindfulness (among other constructs), followed by a mindfulness induction (vs. control), and followed by the assessment of state mindfulness of body and mind. Correlational analyses revealed limited associations between trait mindfulness facets and facets of state mindfulness, and demonstrated that a brief mindfulness exercise focused on bodily sensations and the breath elicited higher state mindfulness of body but not state mindfulness of mind. We found significant interactions such that individuals with previous meditation experience and higher scores on the observing facet of trait mindfulness had the highest levels of state mindfulness of body and mind. Among individuals with meditation experience, the strengths of the associations between observing trait mindfulness and the state mindfulness facets increased with frequency of meditation practice. Some other interactions ran counter to expectations. Overall, the relatively weak associations between trait and state mindfulness demonstrate the need to improve our operationalizations of mindfulness, advance our understanding of how to best cultivate mindfulness, and reappraise the ways in which mindfulness can manifest as a state and as a trait.
Despite widespread scientific and popular interest in mindfulness-based interventions, questions regarding the empirical status of these treatments remain. We sought to examine the efficacy of ...mindfulness-based interventions for clinical populations on disorder-specific symptoms. To address the question of relative efficacy, we coded the strength of the comparison group into five categories: no treatment, minimal treatment, non-specific active control, specific active control, and evidence-based treatment. A total of 142 non-overlapping samples and 12,005 participants were included. At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment (d=0.55), minimal treatment (d=0.37), non-specific active controls (d=0.35), and specific active controls (d=0.23). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from evidence-based treatments (d=−0.004). At follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment conditions (d=0.50), non-specific active controls (d=0.52), and specific active controls (d=0.29). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from minimal treatment conditions (d=0.38) and evidence-based treatments (d=0.09). Effects on specific disorder subgroups showed the most consistent evidence in support of mindfulness for depression, pain conditions, smoking, and addictive disorders. Results support the notion that mindfulness-based interventions hold promise as evidence-based treatments.
•We examined the relative efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions on clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders.•142 randomized clinical trials were included (N=12,005 participants). Control conditions were coded on a five-tier system.•At post-treatment, mindfulness interventions were equivalent to evidence-based treatments and superior to other comparisons.•At follow-up, mindfulness interventions were equivalent to minimal and evidence-based treatments and superior to others.•The most consistent evidence for mindfulness-based interventions was seen for depression, pain, smoking, and addictions.
Aim
This study aimed to explore the influence of leader mindfulness on hindrance stress in nurses. Based on the social mindfulness framework, the mediating effects of nurses’ perceptions of their ...leaders’ perspective taking and empathic concern and how they are moderated by mindfulness of nurses were investigated.
Design
A time‐lagged cross‐sectional survey was conducted.
Methods
The convenience sampling method was adopted. Data were collected at three time points from January to September 2020. A total of 393 paired datasets of nurses and their leaders were collected from 28 Chinese 3A grade hospitals. SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were used for data analysis and hypotheses testing.
Results
(1) Leader mindfulness significantly reduced nurse hindrance stress. (2) Both nurses’ perceptions of their leaders’ perspective taking and empathic concern mediated the relationship between leader mindfulness and nurse hindrance stress. Empathic concern was more effective than perspective taking in the process of leader mindfulness for reducing nurse hindrance stress. Nurses’ perceptions of their leaders’ perspective taking completely mediated the relationship between empathic concern and nurse hindrance stress. (3) Nurse mindfulness moderated the relationship between leader mindfulness and nurses’ perceptions of their leaders’ empathic concern but had no significant effect on the relationship between leader mindfulness and nurses’ perceptions of their leaders’ perspective taking.
Conclusion
Leader mindfulness was an important interpersonal factor for reducing nurse hindrance stress. Nurses’ perceptions of their leaders’ perspective taking and empathic concern were pivotal mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of leader mindfulness. Nurse mindfulness is a situational factor that contributes to the effectiveness of leader mindfulness.
Impact
Hospitals can benefit from mindfulness interventions by improving the mindfulness of leaders and nurses. Nurse managers are encouraged to promote social mindfulness, which will enable perspective taking and empathic concern by nurses and thus reduce hindrance stress on nurses during the pandemic.
Mindfulness on-the-go Bostock, Sophie; Crosswell, Alexandra D; Prather, Aric A ...
Journal of occupational health psychology,
02/2019, Letnik:
24, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We investigated whether a mindfulness meditation program delivered via a smartphone application could improve psychological well-being, reduce job strain, and reduce ambulatory blood pressure during ...the workday. Participants were 238 healthy employees from two large United Kingdom companies that were randomized to a mindfulness meditation practice app or a wait-list control condition. The app offered 45 prerecorded 10- to 20-min guided audio meditations. Participants were asked to complete one meditation per day. Psychosocial measures and blood pressure throughout one working day were measured at baseline and eight weeks later; a follow-up survey was also emailed to participants 16 weeks after the intervention start. Usage data showed that during the 8-week intervention period, participants randomized to the intervention completed an average of 17 meditation sessions (range 0-45 sessions). The intervention group reported significant improvement in well-being, distress, job strain, and perceptions of workplace social support compared to the control group. In addition, the intervention group had a marginally significant decrease in self-measured workday systolic blood pressure from pre- to post-intervention. Sustained positive effects in the intervention group were found for well-being and job strain at the 16-week follow-up assessment. This trial suggests that short guided mindfulness meditations delivered via smartphone and practiced multiple times per week can improve outcomes related to work stress and well-being, with potentially lasting effects.
Interest in mindfulness has risen exponentially in recent years, yet it remains unclear whether dispositional mindfulness represents a distinct and valid psychological construct. Mapping ...dispositional mindfulness onto well-established personality constructs is essential for developing and testing theoretical models of mindfulness. The current paper presents a critical review of dispositional mindfulness that examines historical context, operational definitions, measurement, and convergent and discriminant validity across personality domains. It is concluded that dispositional mindfulness: (a) is a multidimensional construct reflecting the focus and quality of attention, (b) appears to exist independently from other forms of mindfulness, such as learned or cultivated mindfulness, and (c) demonstrates associations with well-established personality traits, such as neuroticism and conscientiousness, yet appears to be conceptually unique. Whether dispositional mindfulness should be considered a basic tendency or a characteristic adaptation is fodder for future research. Additionally, research examining specific mechanisms underlying dispositional mindfulness (e.g., cognitive skills, attitudes) is needed to strengthen ongoing construct validation efforts. Researchers are encouraged to capitalize on the growing evidence base and approach DM as a unique individual difference factor strongly rooted in developmental, cognitive, and personality disciplines.
Mindfulness Interventions Creswell, J. David
Annual review of psychology,
01/2017, Letnik:
68, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Mindfulness interventions aim to foster greater attention to and awareness of present moment experience. There has been a dramatic increase in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mindfulness ...interventions over the past two decades. This article evaluates the growing evidence of mindfulness intervention RCTs by reviewing and discussing (
a
) the effects of mindfulness interventions on health, cognitive, affective, and interpersonal outcomes; (
b
) evidence-based applications of mindfulness interventions to new settings and populations (e.g., the workplace, military, schools); (
c
) psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness interventions; (
d
) mindfulness intervention dosing considerations; and (
e
) potential risks of mindfulness interventions. Methodologically rigorous RCTs have demonstrated that mindfulness interventions improve outcomes in multiple domains (e.g., chronic pain, depression relapse, addiction). Discussion focuses on opportunities and challenges for mindfulness intervention research and on community applications.
In recent years, research on and the practice of mindfulness have received greater attention in organizational scholarship. Much of the prior work in this area is directed at the workplace outcomes ...of mindfulness interventions in terms of employees' well-being, relationships, and performance. Meanwhile, there is an absence of work that integrates research findings concerning individual and workplace factors that affect workplace mindfulness and determine when and how they influence workplace outcomes. This article reviews current organizational literature concerning potential antecedents of workplace mindfulness as well as mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of the relationship between workplace mindfulness and workplace outcomes. Based on 32 selected studies, an integrated framework of workplace mindfulness is developed, helping us to summarize the extant scholarship in this area. The framework provides a foundation for an emerging research area and outlines key directions for future research.
•At present, no framework synthesizes knowledge of antecedents, mediators, and moderators related to workplace mindfulness.•An integrative literature review is conducted to develop a comprehensive framework of workplace mindfulness.•The workplace mindfulness framework presents a nomological network of predicting, mediating, and moderating factors.•The integrative literature review outlines key directions for future research.
Interventions based on mindfulness meditation are increasingly common and evidence exists supporting their use. However, questions remain regarding treatment mechanisms accounting for beneficial ...effects. The current study examined 1 candidate mechanism-mindfulness practice quality-as a mediator of the link between practice time and outcome within mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Participants (n = 96) completed measures of mindfulness and psychological symptoms at baseline and posttreatment. A weekly questionnaire assessed practice time and quality over the 8 weeks of MBSR. Multilevel models accounted for nesting within participants, MBSR groups, and instructors. Results generally supported the reliability and validity of a weekly single-item practice quality measure. Greater practice time was associated with improved practice quality (r = .48). Increases in practice quality predicted improvements in self-report mindfulness and psychological symptoms (βs = .35, .30, and −.19, ps < .05), but not behavioral mindfulness (β = −.02, p = .879). In multilevel mediation models, improved practice quality mediated the link between practice time and changes in self-report mindfulness, suggesting improved practice quality functions as a mechanism linking practice time and outcome in MBSR. Future research evaluating practice quality in clinical samples, in tandem with intensive sampling paradigms (e.g., experience sampling) and objective (behavioral, physiological) outcomes may be warranted.
Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that improvement in practice quality functions as a mechanism linking meditation practice time and outcomes within mindfulness-based stress reduction.
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