An understanding of the mineral nutrition of plants is of fundamental importance in both basic and applied plant sciences. The Third Edition of this book retains the aim of the first in presenting ...the principles of mineral nutrition in the light of current advances. This volume retains the structure of the first edition, being divided into two parts: Nutritional Physiology and Soil-Plant Relationships. In Part I, more emphasis has been placed on root-shoot interactions, stress physiology, water relations, and functions of micronutrients. In view of the worldwide increasing interest in plant-soil interactions, Part II has been considerably altered and extended, particularly on the effects of external and interal factors on root growth and chapter 15 on the root-soil interface. The third edition will be invaluable to both advanced students and researchers.
The material classed as “mineral matter” in coal embraces crystalline mineral materials as well as a range of inorganic elements that occur in non-crystalline form. This review outlines the methods ...that may be used to evaluate the percentage of mineral matter for a coal sample, as opposed to the ash yield, and to identify the minerals, their individual percentages, and their modes of occurrence within the coal. The principal techniques include low-temperature oxygen-plasma ashing; quantitative evaluation of X-ray diffraction data; observation using optical microscopy; and a combination of observation, chemical analysis and, in some cases, mapping based on scanning electron microscopy and related methods. A range of other techniques may also be used to provide additional information on particular mineral matter components.
Processes responsible for mineral matter formation include detrital input, biogenic activity, and authigenic precipitation at different stages of the coal's depositional and post-depositional history. Differential migration of non-mineral inorganic elements may also occur in lower-rank coals, and expulsion of non-mineral inorganics may take place with rank advance. Knowledge of the mineral matter may be of assistance in understanding the modes of trace element occurrence, with implications for assessing possible environmental impacts and also the potential for recovery of economic products from coal. The behaviour of different mineral matter components at high temperatures is also discussed, as well as methods for mineralogical analysis of ashes and other coal utilization products. Information from mineral matter studies may provide an improved basis for understanding coal formation, and for evaluating the response of particular coals to different combustion, gasification and coking processes.
•Mineral matter embraces both crystalline minerals and non-mineral inorganic elements.•A wide range of techniques can be used to evaluate the mineral matter components.•Minerals in coal may form through a range of detrital, biogenic or authigenic processes.•Knowledge of mineral matter may assist in understanding trace element occurrence.•The mineral matter components may respond in different ways during coal utilization.
Minerals are part of virtually every product we use. Common examples include copper used in electrical wiring and titanium used to make airplane frames and paint pigments. The Information Age has ...ushered in a number of new mineral uses in a number of products including cell phones (e.g., tantalum) and liquid crystal displays (e.g., indium). For some minerals, such as the platinum group metals used to make cataytic converters in cars, there is no substitute. If the supply of any given mineral were to become restricted, consumers and sectors of the U.S. economy could be significantly affected. Risks to minerals supplies can include a sudden increase in demand or the possibility that natural ores can be exhausted or become too difficult to extract. Minerals are more vulnerable to supply restrictions if they come from a limited number of mines, mining companies, or nations. Baseline information on minerals is currently collected at the federal level, but no established methodology has existed to identify potentially critical minerals. This book develops such a methodology and suggests an enhanced federal initiative to collect and analyze the additional data needed to support this type of tool.
This book has been the definitive reference for the mineral processing industry for over thirty years. This industry standard reference provides practicing engineers and students of mineral ...processing, metallurgy, and mining with practical information on all the common techniques used in modern processing installations. Each chapter is dedicated to a major processing procedure-from underlying principles and technologies to the latest developments in strategies and equipment for processing increasingly complex refractory ores. The 8th Edition of this classic reference enhances coverage of practical applications via the inclusion of new material focused on meeting the pressing demand for ever greater operational efficiency, while addressing the pivotal challenges of waste disposal and environmental remediation. Advances in automated mineralogy and analysis and high-pressure grinding rolls are given dedicated coverage. The new edition also contains more detailed discussions of comminution efficiency, classification, modeling, flocculation, reagents, liquid-solid separations, and beneficiation of phosphate, and industrial materials.
Historically, resource conflicts have often centered on fuel minerals (particularly oil). Future resource conflicts may, however, focus more on competition for nonfuel minerals that enable emerging ...technologies. Whether it is rhenium in jet engines, indium in flat panel displays, or gallium in smart phones, obscure elements empower smarter, smaller, and faster technologies, and nations seek stable supplies of these and other nonfuel minerals for their industries. No nation has all of the resources it needs domestically. International trade may lead to international competition for these resources if supplies are deemed at risk or insufficient to satisfy growing demand, especially for minerals used in technologies important to economic development and national security. Here, we compare the net import reliance of China and the United States to inform mineral resource competition and foreign supply risk. Our analysis indicates that China relies on imports for over half of its consumption for 19 of 42 nonfuel minerals, compared with 24 for the United States—11 of which are common to both. It is for these 11 nonfuel minerals that competition between the United States and China may become the most contentious, especially for those with highly concentrated production that prove irreplaceable in pivotal emerging technologies.
Economic geology is a
mixtum compositum of all geoscientific disciplines focused on one goal, finding new mineral depsosits and enhancing their exploitation. The keystones of this
mixtum compositum ...are geology and mineralogy whose studies are centered around the emplacement of the ore body and the development of its minerals and rocks. In the present study, mineralogy and geology act as
x- and
y-coordinates of a classification chart of mineral resources called the “chessboard” (or “spreadsheet”) classification scheme. Magmatic and sedimentary lithologies together with tectonic structures (1
-D/pipes, 2
-D/veins) are plotted along the
x-axis in the header of the spreadsheet diagram representing the columns in this chart diagram. 63 commodity groups, encompassing minerals and elements are plotted along the
y
-axis, forming the lines of the spreadsheet. These commodities are subjected to a tripartite subdivision into ore minerals, industrial minerals/rocks and gemstones/ornamental stones.
Further information on the various types of mineral deposits, as to the major ore and gangue minerals, the current models and the mode of formation or when and in which geodynamic setting these deposits mainly formed throughout the geological past may be obtained from the text by simply using the code of each deposit in the chart. This code can be created by combining the commodity (lines) shown by numbers plus lower caps with the host rocks or structure (columns) given by capital letters.
Each commodity has a small preface on the mineralogy and chemistry and ends up with an outlook into its final use and the supply situation of the raw material on a global basis, which may be updated by the user through a direct link to databases available on the internet. In this case the study has been linked to the commodity database of the US Geological Survey. The internal subdivision of each commodity section corresponds to the common host rock lithologies (magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic) and structures. Cross sections and images illustrate the common ore types of each commodity. Ore takes priority over the mineral. The minerals and host rocks are listed by their chemical and mineralogical compositions, respectively, separated from the text but supplemented with cross-references to the columns and lines, where they prevalently occur.
A metallogenetic-geodynamic overview is given at the bottom of each column in the spreadsheet. It may be taken as the “sum” or the “ mean” of a number of geodynamic models and ideas put forward by the various researchers for all the deposits pertaining to a certain clan of lithology or structure. This classical or conservative view of metallotects related to the common plate tectonic settings is supplemented by an approach taken for the first time for such a number of deposits, using the concepts of sequence stratigraphy. This paper, so as to say, is a “launch pad” for a new mindset in metallogenesis rather than the final result.
The relationship supergene–hypogene and syngenetic–epigenetic has been the topic of many studies for ages but to keep them as separate entities is often unworkable in practice, especially in the so-called epithermal or near-surface/shallow deposits. Vein-type and stratiform ore bodies are generally handled also very differently. To get these different structural elements (space) and various mineralizing processes (time) together and to allow for a forward modeling in mineral exploration, architectural elements of sequence stratigraphy are adapted to mineral resources. Deposits are geological bodies which need accommodation space created by the environment of formation and the tectonic/geodynamic setting through time. They are controlled by horizontal to subhorizontal reference planes and/or vertical structures. Prerequisites for the deposits to evolve are thermal and/or mechanical gradients. Thermal energy is for most of the settings under consideration deeply rooted in the mantle. A perspective on how this concept might work is given in the text by a pilot project on mineral deposits in Central Europe and in the spreadsheet classification scheme by providing a color-coded categorization into
1. mineralization mainly related to planar architectural elements, e.g. sequence boundaries subaerial and unconformities
2. mineralization mainly related to planar architectural elements, e.g. sequence boundaries submarine, transgressive surfaces and maximum flooding zones/surfaces)
3. mineralization mainly controlled by system tracts (lowstand system tracts transgressive system tracts, highstand system tracts)
4. mineralization of subvolcanic or intermediate level to be correlated with the architectural elements of basin evolution
5. mineralization of deep level to be correlated with the deep-seated structural elements.
There are several squares on the chessboard left blank mainly for lack of information on sequence stratigraphy of mineral deposits. This method has not found many users yet in mineral exploration. This review is designed as an “interactive paper” open, for amendments in the electronic spreadsheet version and adjustable to the needs and wants of application, research and training in geosciences. Metamorphic host rock lithologies and commodities are addressed by different color codes in the chessboard classification scheme.
This study investigated the effects of replacement of inorganic trace minerals (ITMs) by organic trace minerals (OTMs) on tissue mineral retention and fecal excretion in “Zhen Ning” yellow feather ...broiler breeders. Six hundred hens (initial BW: 1.70 ± 0.07 kg) aged 40 weeks were randomly divided into five treatments, with four replicates of 30 broiler breeders each. Experimental treatments were as follows: (1) ITM (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Se providing commercially recommended concentrations), (2) L-ITM (50% of the ITM, except for Se), (3) VL-OTM (37.5% of the ITM, except for Se), (4) L-OTM (equivalent to L-ITM), and (5) OTM (62.5% of the ITM, except for Se). The duration of the study was 10 weeks including 2 weeks for adaptation. Compared with the L-ITM treatment, high-level supplementation of minerals in ITM and OTM increased the concentration of serum Mn and Se, pectoral Fe and pancreas Cu, and Fe (
P
< 0.05). Birds fed with OTM dietary exhibited comparable mineral retention in muscle compared with ITM. Differences were observed between L-ITM and L-OTM in serum Mn and Se, pectoral Fe, Zn, and Se, and heart Se with L-OTM retaining higher mineral concentrations than L-ITM (
P
< 0.05). L-OTM retained identical concentration with ITM treatment, except for the pancreatic Fe. All three organic diets reduced the Zn in excreta compared with the two inorganic diets (
P
< 0.05). This study indicates that replacement of dietary ITMs by OTMs improved mineral deposition in tissues and reduced fecal mineral excretion in broiler breeders under the conditions of this study.
'Hurray for Mackenzie and Guilford for at last we have a pictorial guide to the rock-forming minerals! . . . such feasts of colour in mineralogy books are rare . . . an admirable guide'New Scientist
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