Background
Helicobacter pylori eradication failure influences its antibiotic resistance.
Aims
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of previous treatment failures on it, including the changes in ...the antibiotic resistance rates, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions, and resistance patterns.
Materials and Methods
This single‐center retrospective study included 860 primary isolates and 247 secondary isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, furazolidone, tetracycline, and rifampicin. The demographic data and detailed regimens were collected.
Results
The primary resistance rates to amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, rifampin, and furazolidone were 5.93%, 83.84%, 28.82%, 26.28%, 0.35%, 1.16%, and 0%, while secondary were 25.10%, 92.31%, 79.76%, 63.16%, 1.06%, 3.19%, and 0%, respectively. The resistance rates to amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin increased significantly with the number of treatment failures accumulated, and showed a linear trend. The proportion of primary and secondary multidrug‐resistant (MDR) isolates were 17.79% and 63.16%, respectively. The MIC values of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin were elevated significantly with medication courses increased.
Conclusion
The prevalence of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole resistance would increase rapidly following first‐line treatment failure, as well as the MIC values of them. Clinicians should pay great attention to the first‐line treatment to cure H. pylori infection successfully.
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are associated with high mortality rates and timely appropriate antifungal therapy is essential for good outcomes. Emerging antifungal resistance among
and
spp., the ...major causes of IFI, is concerning and has led to the increasing incorporation of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) to guide clinical decisions. However, the interpretation of AST results and their contribution to management of IFIs remains a matter of debate. Specifically, the utility of AST is limited by the delay in obtaining results and the lack of pharmacodynamic correlation between minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and clinical outcome, particularly for molds. Clinical breakpoints for
spp. have been substantially revised over time and appear to be reliable for the detection of azole and echinocandin resistance and for outcome prediction, especially for non-neutropenic patients with candidemia. However, data are lacking for neutropenic patients with invasive candidiasis and some non-
spp. (notably emerging
). For
spp., AST is not routinely performed, but may be indicated according to the epidemiological context in the setting of emerging azole resistance among
. For non-
molds (e.g.,
,
or
spp.), AST is not routinely recommended as interpretive criteria are lacking and many confounders, mainly host factors, seem to play a predominant role in responses to antifungal therapy. This review provides an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical pharmacodynamic data, which constitute the rationale for the use and interpretation of AST testing of yeasts and molds in clinical practice.
With incidence of antimicrobial resistance rising globally, there is a continuous need for development of new antimicrobial molecules. Phenolic compounds having a versatile scaffold that allows for a ...broad range of chemical additions; they also exhibit potent antimicrobial activities which can be enhanced significantly through functionalization. Synthetic routes such as esterification, phosphorylation, hydroxylation or enzymatic conjugation may increase the antimicrobial activity of compounds and reduce minimal concentrations needed. With potent action mechanisms interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, DNA replication or enzyme production, phenolics can target multiple sites in bacteria, leading to a much higher sensitivity of cells towards these natural compounds. The current review summarizes some of the most important knowledge on functionalization of natural phenolic compounds and the effects on their antimicrobial activity.
Abstract Linum usitatissimum L is a widely used traditionally for multiple ailments. The present research was carried out to explore the antimicrobial, and anti-biofilm activity of crude extract of ...Linum usitatissimum L (Lu. Cr). Phytochemical and proximate analyses were performed. The bandages of diabetic foot patients were collected from the various hospitals. The bandages were cultured to isolate the bacterial strains present on it. The disc diffusion method was used to identify the antimicrobial potential whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration of the Lu.Cr were also determined. Proximate analysis confirms moisture content 8.33%, ash content 4.33%, crude protein 21.20%, crude fat 49.2% and crude fiber 5.63%. It was revealed that Gram-positive bacteria are most prevalent among all study groups. Lu.Cr possess significant bactericidal potential against S. aureus among all other microbes. Owing to this potential, linseed coated bandages can be used alternatively for the treatment of diabetic foot.
Resumo Linum usitatissimum L é amplamente utilizado tradicionalmente para doenças múltiplas. O presente trabalho foi realizado para explorar a atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme do extrato bruto de Linum usitatissimum L (Lu.Cr). Foram realizadas análises fitoquímicas e aproximadas. As ataduras de pacientes diabéticos com pé foram recolhidas nos vários hospitais. As bandagens foram cultivadas para isolar as cepas bacterianas presentes nas mesmas. O método de difusão em disco foi utilizado para identificar o potencial antimicrobiano e a concentração inibitória mínima do Lu.Cr também foi determinada. A análise aproximada confirma o teor de umidade 8,33%, teor de cinzas 4,33%, proteína bruta 21,20%, gordura bruta 49,2% e fibra bruta 5,63%. Foi revelado que as bactérias Gram-positivas são mais prevalentes entre todos os grupos de estudo. Lu.Cr possui potencial bactericida significativo contra S. aureus entre todos os outros micróbios. Devido a esse potencial, as ligaduras revestidas com linhaça podem ser utilizadas alternativamente para o tratamento do pé diabético.
Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis are important human pathogens and also served as sentinel organisms for monitoring systems of antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans. In this study, ...106 E. faecium and 56 E. faecalis isolates were collected from61 pig farms in 18 proveinces of China. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for 9 clinically important antibiotics and 3 antimicrobial growth promoters. The Enterococcus isolates showed high prevalence of resistance to medically important antibiotics, such as ampicillin (50.9% for E. faecium and 19.6% for E. faecalis), chloramphenicol (24.5% for E. faecium and 41.1% for E. faecalis), erythromycin (83.0% for E. faecium and 91.1% for E. faecalis), tetracycline (79.2% for E. faecium and 100% for E. faecalis), quinupristin/dalfopristin (26.4% for E. faecium) and ciprofloxacin (73.6% for E. faecium and 66.1% for E. faecalis). Resistance to tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin was very rare. The resistance status of three representative in-feed antibiotics bacitracin, nosiheptide and enramycin was firstly investigated with Enterococcus as indicator bacteria. The Enterococcus isolates showed extremely high frequency of bacitracin resistance (96.7% for E. faecium and 87.8% for E. faecalis), while no nosiheptide and enramycin resistance was observed. PFGE analysis showed that a majority of E. faecium and E. faecalis strains showed unrelated profiles, indicating high heterogeneity among the Enterococcus isolates. Our study provided basic data on the antimicrobial resistance of E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates.
•Antifungal activities of essential oils from 11 natural plants against toxigenic fungi.•Four essential oils out of 11 plants expressed stronger inhibitory effects and low minimal inhibitory ...concentrations.•Their main active components contributed largely to the inhibitory effects of the 4 selected plant essential oils.•The 4 plant essential oils and 6 active components as novel natural antifungal alternatives for preventing fungi contamination in different matrices.
Contamination of toxigenic fungi in foods, agricultural commodities and Chinese herbal medicines has posed serious threaten to human and animals’ health and safety. Natural antifungal agents from plant essential oils (PEOs) and their active components have been candidates of interest. In this study, the antifungal activities of PEOs from 11 natural plants against three kinds of toxigenic fungi including Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus carbonarius were evaluated and compared through the determination of fungi zone diameter. Results showed that 4 PEOs of Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Litsea cubeba, Cymbopogon martini and Thymus mongolicus Ronn expressed stronger inhibitory effects and lower minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against the three kinds of fungi, which would be the ideal antifungal candidates. Then, the chemical compositions of them were analyzed by an optimized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method with trans-cinnamaldehyde and d-limonene, citral and citronellal, trans-geraniol, and carvacrol as their main active components, respectively. The six compounds with strong antifungal activity and small MICs on the three kinds of fungi might contribute largely to the inhibitory effects of the 4 selected PEOs containing them. The 4 selected PEOs and their 6 main active components exhibited wide application prospect as the novel natural antifungal alternatives for preventing fungal contamination in different matrices to assure their quality and safety. The use of PEOs with highly-volatile components is environment-friendly, convenient and highly-effective with minimal residues and low cost will get more interest in practice.
A series of 21 azapolymethylene gemini surfactants were obtained. The synthesis of the title surfactants in one- or two-step reaction proceeds with good yields. The structure and the purity of the ...synthesized compounds were determined by
H and
C NMR, ESI-MS spectra, and elemental analysis. Moreover, 2D COSY, HMBC, and HSQC spectra were performed. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the synthesized compounds were determined against fungi:
,
and bacteria:
and
. Also, the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The relationship between antimicrobial and surface activity and surfactant structure has been determined.
Bacterial infections are recognized as a serious health issue in the world. Nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) is considered as an antibacterial material because of its broad-spectrum bactericidal ...properties. In this work, a one-pot method to prepare nano-metal oxide-loaded composites based on polydopamine (PDA)-coated mesoporous silica (MSN/ZnO, MSN/CuZnO, MSN-C/ZnO, MSN-C/CuZnO) with good antibacterial properties was proposed. The results showed that the morphology of the composites had a regular spherical shape with an average particle size of 100 nm. And nano-metal oxides were formed in the pore of mesoporous silica with a diameter of 5 nm. Strikingly, the inhibition zone diameters towards E. coli of MSN-C/ZnO and MSN-C/CuZnO showed better antibacterial performance, were 35.40 ± 0.01 mm and 33.20 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Besides, it was found that, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of such nano-metal oxide-loaded composites were 0.625 mg/mL. Therefore, these mesoporous silica-supported nano-metal oxide composites can be used as favorable and effective antibacterial products for advanced and potential applications.
•A way of mesoporous silica-supported nano metal oxide composites is simple.•The polydopamine (PDA) as a ligand for nano zinc and copper ions.•PDA was more easily formed carbon after the calcination of nitrogen atmosphere.•The antibacterial properties of the obtained compounds were proved.
The herbicide glyphosate interferes with the shikimate pathway in plants and in major groups of microorganisms impeding the production of aromatic amino acids. Glyphosate application on plants ...results in a slow death, accelerated by reduced resistance to root pathogens. Extensive glyphosate use has resulted in increasing residues in soil and waterways. Although direct glyphosate effects on animals are limited, major concerns have arisen about indirect harmful side effects. In this paper, we focus on indirect effects of sublethal concentrations of glyphosate on plant, animal and human health due to shifts in microbial community compositions in successive habitats. Research results of glyphosate effects on microbial communities in soil, rhizosphere and animal guts have been contradictory due to the different integration levels studied. Most glyphosate studies have tested short-term treatment effects on microbial biomass or general community composition at higher taxonomic levels in soil, rhizosphere or animal intestinal tracts, and found little effect. More detailed studies showed reductions in specific genera or species as well as biological processes after glyphosate application. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and beneficial intestinal bacteria often are negatively affected, while pathogenic bacteria and fungi are enhanced. Such shifts in microbial community composition have been implicated in enhanced susceptibility of plants to
Fusarium
and
Rhizoctonia
, of birds and mammals to toxic
Clostridium
and
Salmonella
species, and of bees to
Serratia
and Deformed Wing Virus. In animals and humans, glyphosate exposure and concentrations in urine have been associated with intestinal diseases and neurological as well as endocrine problems, but cause-effect relationships need to be determined in more detail. Nevertheless, outbreaks of several animal and plant diseases have been related to glyphosate accumulation in the environment. Long-term glyphosate effects have been underreported, and new standards will be needed for residues in plant and animal products and the environment.
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