Streszczenie Mleko surowe, które nie zostało poddane obróbce termicznej, może być ważnym źródłem drobnoustrojów chorobotwórczych przenoszonych drogą pokarmową, głównie takich jak: patogenne szczepy ...Escherichia coli , bakterie z rodzaju Salmonella , niektóre paciorkowce kałowe czy Listeria monocytogenes . Najgroźniejszym z patogenów związanych z surowym mlekiem jest E. coli VTEC, która wytwarza werocytotoksyny – zwłaszcza szczep O157:H7. Enterococcus spp. jest jednym z czynników zapalenia wymienia u krów i dlatego często występuje w surowym mleku, co może stanowić zagrożenie dla konsumentów. Spożywanie mleka surowego jest dobrym wyborem, pod warunkiem, że mamy gwarancję wysokiego poziomu higienicznego jego pozyskiwania.
Changes in the genotypic structure of cows, yield of milk, fat and protein, fat and protein content of milk, relationships between milk components, i.e. the protein to fat ratio (PFR) and the ...difference between fat and protein content (DFP) were examined using data from the Polish Federation of Cattle Breeders and Dairy Farmers for 20012009. In addition, analysis was made of changes in the length of calving interval and age at first calving. Average yield of milk and its components was found to increase in all milk recorded cows. Changes in the relationship between basic milk components differed between the breeds. A decrease in fat content was found in the milk from Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Montbeliarde and Polish Red-and-White cows, and an increase in protein content was recorded in the milk from Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian, Polish Red-and-White, Simmental and Montbeliarde cows. These changes had a favourable effect on the PFR ratio in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, especially those of the Black-and-White variety. Calving interval and age at first calving were found to increase in all the cows except the Montbeliarde breed.
Fatty acids are some of the most important components of human milk. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients required for the optimal growth and development of infants, especially ...the central nervous system, brain and retina.
To determine the conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA) content of human breast milk from mothers consuming different diets, and to compare the results with CLA and VA levels in infant formulas (IF) and follow-up formulas (FF).
Fifty healthy mothers were classified according to their diet status into one of two groups: diet low in dairy products and conventional diet without limiting the intake of dairy products. Dietary intake of dairy fat was determined based on 3-day food diaries. Fatty acid (FA) composition in samples were analyzed by High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HR-GC).
In the group of 20 mothers whose diets were deficient in dairy products, the average CLA content of breast milk fat was determined to be 0.27% of total FA, the VA 0.36%. In the group of 30 women consuming dairy products, the average content of CLA and VA in breast milk fat was statistically significantly higher: 0.49% and 0.69% of total FAs, respectively. In the fat of the IF and FF tested (n=11) only trace amounts of both FA were found.
The results of the study indicate that CLA and VA concentrations of human milk can be influenced by diet. It is recommended that the source of these FAs in the diet of breastfeeding women are natural products and not dietary supplements. The majority of commercially available IF and FF do not contain sufficient amounts of CLA and VA, and that their FA composition is deficient in comparison with breast milk fat.
Mleko je izhodišče raziskovanja intenzivnih sonastajanj različnih teles, vrst in stvari; tega, kar običajno imenujejo udomačitev. Mleko je del skupka, ki povezuje živali, hormone, encime, bakterije, ...hrano, gene, tehnologije in materialno kulturo. Ta kompleksna sonastajanja producirajo nove, nepričakovane rezultate in učinke ter spreminjajo vse komponente v skupku udomačitve.
Introduction: Recently in most countries there has been a continuous increase in the number of various allergic diseases. Early introduction of unmodified cow's milk (UCM) into the baby's diet may ...provoke the development of food allergies, allergic and food hypersensitivity reactions. Aim: The aim of our study was to examine the peculiarities of baby's nutrition in Ukraine, to estimate the impact of early cow's milk proteins (CMP) consumption on frequency of food hypersensitivity and allergic reactions in toddlers within two years of life, depending on the time of CMP introduction. Materials and methods: 5354 full term infants aged of 1–12 months were enrolled into the crosssectional study. Retrospective evaluation of incidences of food hypersensitivity and allergic reactions was done in a selected cohort of 1000 babies who were divided into 3 groups depending on their nutrition. 135 babies did not receive UCM (the first group). 471 – received UCM during the first year of life (the second group). 394 babies were fed with UCM starting from the second year of life (the third group). Results: Significant difference on frequency of food hypersensitivity reactions we found in 1, 2, 3 groups of toddlers when they consumed products that contained cow's milk protein (2.99% vs. 7.64% and 10.94%; p=0.01); eggs (2.22% vs. 8.49% and 10.41%; p=0.013); citrus (6.67% vs. 19.96% and 18.78%; p=0.001); chocolate (2.96% vs. 13.61% and 14.5%; p=0.002) and some other foods (4.44% vs. 14.01% and 10.41%; p=0.006). Conclusions: Introduction of UCM into baby's diet during the first and second year of life is associated with increased risk of a variety of allergic and food hypersensitivity reactions, accompanied by a higher frequency of hospitalizations and taking medications.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the energy-protein balance of feed rations for Montbéliarde cows on the basis of protein and urea content in their milk. In 2016 the herd numbered 319 cows, with ...mean yield 9,374 kg of milk. The cows were housed in a free-stall barn on deep litter and fed Total Mixed Rations (TMR), the composition of which was balanced according to Deutsche Landwirtschafts Gesellschaft (DLG) norms. The data used in the study were obtained from milk performance evaluations. It was found that only 22.9% of milk samples indicated that the cows were appropriately supplied with protein and energy. Excess protein (>3.6%) was observed in 41.4% of cases of optimum urea content, which suggests an energy
surplus in the feed rations. In 3.9% of samples optimal urea content was accompanied by an insufficient protein level (<3.2%), which may be indicative of an energy deficit. An excessive urea level was noted in as many as 22.9% of samples, including 9.3% with a protein level indicating an excessive supply of energy and 2.6%
with a protein level indicating an energy deficit. Samples indicating a correct energy-protein balance in the feed rations were noted least often in feeding group 5 (4.5%) and in the cows with the lowest daily yield (4.3%). In each feeding group the protein level in the milk indicated an excessive supply of energy more often than a
deficiency, and in groups 4 and 5 the percentage of samples in which the protein level exceeded 3.6% was very high (84.7% and 92.4%, respectively). In the case of lower daily yield (≤15 and 15.1-25 kg), a protein deficiency in the feed rations was noted more often (30.1% and 17.7% of samples) than an excessive level (4.3% and 11.6%). In the case of higher yield (>25 kg) the tendencies were reversed, i.e. a higher percentage of samples were indicative of excessive protein (21.5-34.1%) and fewer suggested a deficit (1.6-6.7%). In the case of optimal protein and urea levels in the milk (group 5), the daily yield of the cows was 37 kg of milk. It contained 3.7% fat, 3.43% protein, 4.87% lactose and 12.6% dry matter. The cows producing milk with protein and energy levels indicating a deficiency of energy and an excess of protein in the feed rations were much more productive (group 3). Daily yield of cows whose milk had an insufficient level of urea (groups 1, 4 and 7) was much lower than in the case of the cows whose milk had too much urea (groups 3, 6 and 9). The lowest daily yield (19.5 kg), accompanied by the highest content of protein (4.02%) and dry matter (13.5%) and one of the highest levels of fat (4.16%), was noted in the group in which the protein and urea levels in the milk suggested a protein deficiency and an excess of energy in the feed. It can be concluded from the analysis that the results of milk performance evaluations regarding protein and urea levels in the milk should be given greater consideration in composing TMR feeds for various feeding groups.
Czynniki kształtujące produkcję mleka w Polsce na tle UE Bórawski, Piotr; Zalewski, Krzysztof
Zeszyty naukowe Szkoły Glównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego,
09/2018, Letnik:
18, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
W pracy analizie poddano produkcję mleka w Polsce oraz czynniki ją determinujące na tle UE. Z analiz wynika, że produkcja mleka w Polsce po akcesji do UE wzrosła. Przyczyn tego zjawiska należy ...upatrywać w zmianach, jakie zaszły na rynku mleka i związane były z integracją europejską, systemem kwotowania i dostosowaniu do standardów unijnych w zakresie dobrostanu zwierząt. W analizie wyników badań wykorzystano metody tabelaryczne, graficzne i opisowe. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną, z której wynika, że głównym czynnikiem decydującym o produkcji mleka w Polsce jest kurs euro-złoty.
W pracy analizie poddano nakłady pracy ogółem, powierzchnię użytków rolnych i wartość majątku trwałego w gospodarstwach specjalizujących się w chowie bydła mlecznego i prowadzących rachunkowość rolną ...FADN. Ponadto przedstawiono zmiany badanych cech dla gospodarstw w regionach FADN UE13. Z badań wynika, że powierzchnia UR w gospodarstwach prowadzących rachunkowość rolną FADN i zajmujących się chowem bydła mlecznego uległa zwiększeniu w badanym okresie. Podobne tendencje wzrostowe zaobserwowano w przypadku wartości majątku trwałego. Z badań wynika, że najwyższą wartość majątku trwałego odnotowano w 2014 roku w regionie FADN Pomorze i Mazury spośród czterech regionów Polski i była na poziomie 295,4 tys. EUR na gospodarstwo rolne specjalizujące się w chowie bydła mlecznego. Z kolei najniższy poziom wartości aktywów trwałych 46,3 tys. EUR wystąpił w 2006 roku w regionie FADN Małopolska i Pogórze.
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