THE ROLE OF ANALOGY IN THE EVOLUTION OF FORM IN LATVIAN PERSONAL PRONOUNSSummaryIn the article it is assumed that Latvian personal pronouns have inherited the “classical” case paradigm from the ...Lithuanian—Latvian parent language with a well-differentiated inflexion. The great variety of pronominal inflections in Latvian dialects and old manuscripts can be explained by the different conditions affecting the evolution of the language. Word-ending phonological and morphological changes, which created favourable conditions for the so-called changes by analogy, have resulted in morphological modifications in the system of all inflectional words.Therefore, the article is concerned with: (a) the process of neutralization of the singular accusative and instrumental cases in the () о and ()ā-stem paradigms (which occurred after the above-mentioned phonological changes); (b) the effect of neutralization on identical cases of singular personal pronouns; (c) the effect of prepositions, which govern several cases, on the process of neutralization.The article also deals with the influence of the accusative-instrumental cases of singular pronouns on the modification of the plural pronominal paradigms, and with conditions and variants of the modification in question.On the basis of the data from Latvian dialects and old manuscripts a conclusion can be drawn that the modifications in the personal pronominal paradigms could have begun prior to the written language.
ABOUT THE LITHUANIAN INFIX PRESENTSSummaryIn the modern Lithuanian and Latvian languages and their dialects the nasal infix verbs have the meaning of the state or its change. In the Indo-European ...languages the meaning of the verbs was a bit different. Some of the old languages — Greek, Latin, Sanskrit — etymological relationships mean an active action (Lat. f undo “lieju”, Skr. chinátti “pjauna”, Celt, bongid “laužo”), the others — the state or its change (Lat. ninquit “sninga”, Skr. dhvamsati “nyksta, yra”). The facts of the comparative languages give an idea that there might be nasal verbs in the Baltic languages with the meaning of active action.Eight out of 15 given verbs, having parallel present stems in a, ia and nasal infix, are used in the meaning of active action. The better part of them are effective (rañka, žañga, senka, reñta, šiñka, kruñša, pluñka, bruñka). This fact might be not new in the history of the Baltic languages. It might reflect the formation period of the verbs of the Baltic languages, when infix presents had no differentiated semantics.
Bijela loboda (Chenopodium album L.) jednogodišnji je širokolisni korov iz porodice lobodnjača (Chenopodiaceae). Podnosi vrlo različite klimatske uvjete i različite tipove tala zbog čega se ubraja ...među pet najrasprostranjenijih korovnih biljaka u svijetu. U Hrvatskoj je treći najučestaliji korov okopavinskih usjeva. Loboda je kozmopolitska vrsta s arealom rasprostranjenosti od 70° sjeverne do 50° južne geografske širine. Sposobna je prilagoditi se različitim klimatskim uvjetima pa biološki temperaturni minimum (Tb), ovisno o klimatu, varira od 2,0 do 6,0°C. Za područje kontinentalne Hrvatske Tb iznosi 3,4°C.
Može nicati u uvjetima visokog vodnog stresa kao i u širokom rasponu pH tla vrijednosti od jako kiselih do alkalnih. Svojom prisutnošću u usjevu,ovisno o vremenu nicanja, gustoći i razvojnom stadiju kulture, znatno utječe na prinos okopavinskih kao i povrtlarskih kultura. Važan je korov u oko 40 poljoprivrednih kultura, a najčešće u šećernoj repi, krumpiru, soji, kukuruzu, suncokretu i jarim žitaricama. Glavna štetnost lobode, ogleda se u direktnim štetama. Važne su i indirektne štete kao npr. otežana žetva, kontaminacija uroda i tla sjemenjem, prenošenje virusnih bolesti na kultivirano bilje i dr. Pelud bijele lobode kod osjetljivih ljudi uzrokuje jake alergijske reakcije.
MISZELLEN DER HISTORISCHEN MORPHOLOGIE UND SYNTAXZusammenfassungDer Artikel setzt sich zum Ziel die Analyse einiger Probleme der historischen Morphologie und Syntax des Litauischen. Im ersten Teil ...wurde die rätselhafte Endung -ti von biti besprochen. Nach der Meinung des Verfassers ist -ti ein enklitisches Pronomen, aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach in der Funktion des Dativus ethicus. Als Parallele kann man das poln. był ci anführen. Die Verkürzung *bijā > bi- hängt mit der Grammatikalisierung
Verbum substantivum > Verbum auxiliarum zusammen.Der zweite Teil ist der Geschichte des lit. nėra gewidmet, das von Verbindung der Negation nė (in existentialen Sätzen) und des Ausgangs -ra stammt, das u. a. im Verb yra zu beobachten ist.Im dritten Teil hat der Verfasser die These aufgestellt, dass die kausale Konjunktion nės genetisch nicht von dem Verbum auxiliarum nėsa < *ne es- zu trennen ist, vgl. Teip nėsa buvę. Da im litauischen Perfekt das Verbum auxiliarum ausgelassen werden kann, wurde der Satz Teip nėsa buvę als *Teip nėsa Ø nebuvę reinterpretiert. Die kausale Bedeutung entstand in asyndetisch verbundener Sätze.Ein Beispiel asyndetisch verbundener Sätze sind auch die Sätze mit der Negation nei, vgl. O tatai Diewas wis reg / nei nuleis nekarota (BP I 166, 6-7). Das lit. nei kann ursprünglich auch in existentialen Sätzen mit der Ellypse des Verbums vorgekommen sein, vgl. Man nei kam ko ‘es ist mir ganz gleich’. Aufgrund einer solchen Konstruktion mit dem Relativpronomen kas (d. i. *nei (yra) kas) entstand das Pronomen niekas ‘niemand’.Die letzten zwei Teile betreffen die Geschichte der Partikel būtent ‘nämlich, und zwar’, die aus der Phrase būten-te/ -ta buvo (wörtlich) ‘in Wirklichkeit das war’ enstand, und der Konjunktion adunt ‘auf daß, damit’, die die dissimilierte Form *tadunt fortsetzt.
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