•Underweight and obese older adults had poorer general health compared to those meeting both physical activity guidelines with normal weight.•Meeting muscle strengthening activities only or meeting ...neither physical activity guideline were more likely to have poorer physical health regardless of weight status.•Older adults who met neither physical activity guideline had higher odds of poor mental health.•Meeting muscle strengthening activity only or meeting neither PA guideline was associated with more frequent activity limitation days.
The purpose of this study was to examine how meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity, muscle strengthening activity) and weight status were interactively related to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults.
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 87,495 older adults aged 65+ years who participated in the U.S. 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. PA, weight status, and HRQoL were assessed by validated questionnaires via phone interviews. Binomial logistic regression models were used to examine the interactive effects of meeting PA guidelines and weight status on the odds of having poor HRQoL after controlling for key confounders.
Compared to participants meeting both PA guidelines and with normal weight, both underweight and obese older adults had significantly higher odds of having poor general health (OR= 1.55–6.16) regardless of meeting PA guideline status, and those meeting muscle strengthening activities only or meeting neither PA guideline reported higher odds of poor physical health (OR= 1.83–6.22) regardless of weight status. Similarly, those meeting neither PA guideline had significantly higher odds of having poor mental health (OR= 1.69–2.78) regardless of weight status, and those meeting muscle strengthening activities only or meeting neither PA guideline reported higher odds of having frequent activity limitation days (OR= 2.18–7.05).
The positive associations between moderate-to-vigorous aerobic PA and HRQoL indicate the need to promote aerobic PA in older adults. Both sex and weight status should be considered when designing PA interventions to improve HRQoL among older adults.
The study aimed to investigate the association between clustered cardiometabolic risk (CCMR) and health-behavior indices comprising 3 different measures of physical activity, screen time, diet and ...sleep in NHANES 2005–2006. CCMR was calculated by standardizing and summarizing measures of blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, insulin, high-density lipoprotein and waist circumference to create a z score. Three health behavior indices were constructed with a single point allocated to each of the following lower risk behaviors: muscle strengthening activity, healthy eating score, sleep disorder/disruption, sleep duration, screen time and physical activity (self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity MVPA (Index Score-SR), accelerometer-measured MVPA (Index Score-MVPA) or accelerometer-measured steps Index Score-Steps). Linear regression models explored associations between index scores and CCMR. In the sample (n = 1537, 52% male, aged 45.5 SE: 0.9 years), reporting 0–5 vs. 6 health behaviors using Index Score-SR and Index Score-MVPA, and 0–4 vs. 6 health behaviors using Index Score-Steps, were associated with a significantly higher CCMR. The beta (β 95% CI) for zero vs. 6 behaviors were Index Score-SR (2.86 2.02, 3.69, Index Score-MVPA (2.41 1.49, 3.33 and Index Score-Steps (2.41 1.68, 3.15). Irrespective of the measure of physical activity, engaging in fewer positive health behaviors was associated with greater CCMR.
Novelty:
Physical activity, screen time, diet and sleep may exert synergistic/cumulative effects on clustered cardiometabolic risk.
A greater number of positive health behaviors was associated with a lower clustered cardiometabolic risk factor score.
The reduction in cardiometabolic risk was similar irrespective of which physical activity measure was used.
To investigate the relationship of moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and muscle strengthening activity (MSA), independently and jointly, with all-cause, ...cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-CVD mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
This cohort study included 47,538 adults with T2D and 561,963 adults without T2D from the National Health Interview Survey 1997–2018 who provided data on self-reported physical activity (PA). Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index through 2019. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
In analyses mutually adjusted, versus no MPA adults with T2D, performing the recommendations of MPA (150–299 min/week) associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.66–0.78), CVD mortality (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58–0.79), and non-CVD mortality (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65–0.79). Similar benefits were observed in those meeting recommendations for VPA and MSA. Higher levels of PA beyond current recommendations may provide a few additional benefits without adverse effects on mortality risk, regardless of diabetes onset age, duration of diabetes, and medication status. The joint analysis indicates that combining MSA with aerobic PA could further lower mortality risk, and lowest all-cause mortality was observed among individuals engaging in either 75–150 min/week of VPA and 1 time/week of MSA (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13–0.70) or 150–299 min/week of MPA and 1 time/week of MSA (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.20–0.55).
Our study supports the current PA guidelines and suggests that there may be limited benefits gained from exercising beyond recommended levels in adults with T2D, combining recommended levels of aerobic and resistance exercises could yield the greatest benefits.
•Exceeding current physical activity recommendations may offer added benefits without increasing mortality risk in adults with type 2 diabetes.•A higher proportion of vigorous physical activity is associated with additional health benefits.•Combining recommended levels of aerobic and resistance exercises could yield the greatest benefits.
Abstract We investigated the association between depression and anaerobic physical activity (while controlling aerobic physical activity), using a nationally representative sample of USA adults ( n ... = 7354) who participated in the cross sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2006). We defined depression using the validated “Patient Health Questionnaire” (PHQ9 ) scale of 0–27 as PHQ9 ≥ 10. Severity of depression was classified by clinically established PHQ9 levels: mild (5–9), dysthymic (10–14), moderate (15–19), and major depression ( ≥ 20). We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios of depression associated with distinct types of activity (only aerobic, only anaerobic, combined regime). We used multinomial logistic regression to examine associations of anaerobic activity with various severity levels of depression (mild, dysthymic, moderate, and major depression) with adjustment for aerobic activity. Women had higher prevalence of depression than men (8.4% versus 5.7%), whereas anaerobic muscle strengthening activity was more common in men than women (35% versus 24%). Adjusting for aerobic activity , anaerobic activity was inversely associated with depression (PHQ9 ≥ 10) in women under 50 (OR = 0.57; 95%CI = 0.41–0.81), all women (OR = 0.59; 0.43–0.80), men under 50 (OR = 0.85; 0.58–1.2), and all men (OR = 0.72; 0.51–1.01). Anaerobic activity was inversely associated with severity level of depressive symptoms in women and men. The combined regimen of anaerobic muscle strengthening activity and meeting the Physical Activity Guideline for America (PAGA) was related to the lowest odds ratio of depression in women (OR = 0.50; 95%CI = 0.33–0.75) and men (OR = 0.39; 95%CI = 0.23–0.62). Independent of aerobic physical activity, anaerobic muscle strengthening activity is significantly and inversely associated with depression among USA adults.
Background: Few studies have investigated the energy expenditure (EE) of resistance exercises using body weight with slow movement, the purpose of this study was to evaluate EE of resistance exercise ...using body weight with slow movement.Methods: Eight young men aged 22-27 years performed 6 resistance exercises. The exercises consisted of Squat, Push-up, Lunge, Heel-raise, Hip-lift and Crunch. Both the concentric phase and eccentric phase were set to 3 seconds (6 seconds with one iteration), and the subjects adjusted the rhythm with the sound of a metronome. A total of 10 repetitions was set as 1 set (1 minute in total), rest between sets was 30 seconds, and a total of 3 sets were performed. After the end of the third set, the subject rested for 30 seconds, and carried out the next event, total time was 26 mins 30 seconds. For measurement of energy expenditure (EE), heart rate (HR), RPE and lactate (La) during resistance exercise, we used a face mask and expiratory gas analyzer, EE was calculated from Weir equation.Result: Figure-1 shows mean EE while the subjects performed resistance exercise. With regard to the type of resistance exercise, EE of Squat, Push-up and Lunge, which is the multi-joint nature of the exercises and therefore the stimulation of large and multiple muscles, were higher than the other three exercises. Physiological responses were as follows, EE; 92.6±16.0 kcal, RER; 0.98±0.03, HR; 98.8±14.0 bpm, RPE; 13.5±2.3, La; 3.3±1.0 mM.Conclusion: The EE observed in this study for resistance exercise using body weight with slow movement was 92.6±16.0 kcal/min in average.
Purpose This study aimed to cross-sectionally examine the relationship between the practice of muscle-strengthening activities assessed according to Japanese and foreign physical activity guidelines ...and knee extensor strength in the elderly. Participants and Methods Overall, 223 (66 males and 157 females) participants aged ≥60 years were included. The questionnaire included four items on muscle-strengthening activities: undergoing strength training, performing vigorous farming and gardening, carrying heavy loads, and climbing stairs and hills. Thereafter, participant performance was classified as “sufficient” or “insufficient” based on whether they practiced each muscle-strengthening activity for ≥2 or <2 days a week, respectively. Results After the adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, physical activity level, and the practice of other muscle-strengthening activities, knee extensor strength was significantly higher in the elderly participants who sufficiently practiced strength training than in those who did not. Furthermore, those who sufficiently practiced farming and gardening had significantly higher knee extensor strength than those who did not. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the non-exercise muscle-strengthening activity of sufficient farming and gardening practiced according to physical activity guidelines is positively associated with knee extensor strength independent of other muscle-strengthening activities or the amount of physical activity in healthy elderly individuals.
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of one-day recall measurements of the number of floors of stairs climbed per day (Purpose I) and the effects of increasing daily stair use on ...knee extensor muscle thickness and strength in young adult females (Purpose II). Purpose I: Twenty-nine young adults (12 males, 17 females) participated in this study. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the recall measurements of the number of floors of stairs climbed per day and the stair ascent, descent and total (ascent + descent) daily step counts measured using an accelerometer with a barometer were ρ=0.59, ρ=0.51 and ρ=0.58, respectively. Purpose II: Nine young adult females without exercise habits (20.8 ± 1.2 yrs) participated in a three-month intervention study. The subjects recorded their one-day recall measurements of the number of floors of stairs climbed in a log and were given a goal of increasing this number by 10 floors per day over baseline during the intervention period. During the intervention, the subjects increased the number of floors climbed per day (9.9 ± 3.5 floors) over the baseline value (1.6 ± 1.5 floors). According to the data obtained from an accelerometer with a barometer, the subjects exhibited no stair use lasting > 1 minute per event during the intervention. After the intervention, a significant increase was observed in the right leg regarding the knee extensor muscle thickness and strength. One-day recall measurements of the number of floors of stairs climbed per day are a valid parameter for assessing the daily amount of stair use. This study also suggested that increasing the daily amount of stair use, by accumulating very short bouts of stair use, may therefore increase both the knee extensor muscle thickness and strength in young adult females.
Digital physical activity (PA) program use has been associated with higher PA guideline adherence during COVID-19 pandemic confinements. However, little is known longitudinally about exercise ...locations (inside vs outside the home environment), digital program use and their associations with moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and muscle-strengthening activities (MSA) during the pandemic.
To assess the relationship between exercise location and use of digital programs with PA guideline adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic; describe how individuals exercised inside and outside of their home environments; explore which socio-demographic and contextual factors were associated with exercise locations and digital PA program use.
Active UK adults (N=1,938) who participated in the 1-month follow-up survey of the HEBECO study (FU1, June/July 2020) and at least one more follow-up survey (FU2, August/September; FU3, November/December 2020) reported exercise locations and types of exercises inside and outside their homes including digital programs (online/app-based fitness classes/programs), MVPA and MSA. Generalized linear mixed models assessed associations of exercise location and digital PA program use with PA guideline adherence (MVPA, MSA, full (combined) adherence), and predictors of exercise location and digital program use.
As the pandemic progressed, active UK adults were less likely to exercise inside or to use digital PA programs compared with periods of initial confinement: 61% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 58- 63%; weighted n=1,024), 50% (48-53%; 786) and 49% (46-51%; 723) did any exercise inside their homes at FU1, FU2 and FU3, respectively. Twenty-two percent (21-25%; 385), 17% (15-19%; 265) and 16% (14-18%; 241) used digital PA programs, respectively. Most participants who exercised inside used already owned indoor equipment, digital PA programs or own workout routines, while MVPA and gentle walking were the most common exercise types outside people's homes. Being female, non-white, having a condition limiting PA, indoor exercising space, a lower body mass index (BMI) and living in total isolation were associated with increased odds to exercise inside one's home or garden compared with outside only. Digital PA programs users were more likely to be younger, female, highly educated, have indoor space to exercise and a lower BMI. While exercising inside was positively associated with MSA and exercising outside with MVPA guideline adherence, both inside (vs outside only) and outside activities (vs inside only) contributed to full PA guideline adherence (OR=5.05, 95% CI 3.17-8.03, and OR=1.89, 95% CI 1.10-3.23). Digital PA program use was associated with higher odds of MSA (OR ranges=3.97-8.71) and full PA (OR ranges=2.24-3.95), but not with MVPA guideline adherence.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, full PA guideline adherence was associated with exercising inside and outside of one's home environment and using digital PA programs. More research is needed to understand reach, long-term adherence, and differences between digital PA solutions.
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