The brain continues to respond selectively to environmental stimuli during sleep. However, the functional role of such responses, and whether they reflect information processing or rather sensory ...inhibition, is not fully understood. Here, we present 17 human sleepers (14 females) with their own name and two unfamiliar first names, spoken by either a familiar voice (FV) or an unfamiliar voice (UFV), while recording polysomnography during a full night of sleep. We detect K-complexes, sleep spindles, and microarousals, and assess event-related and frequency responses as well as intertrial phase synchronization to the different stimuli presented during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. We show that UFVs evoke more K-complexes and microarousals than FVs. When both stimuli evoke a K-complex, we observe larger evoked potentials, more precise time-locking of brain responses in the delta band (1-4 Hz), and stronger activity in the high frequency (>16 Hz) range, in response to UFVs relative to FVs. Crucially, these differences in brain responses disappear completely when no K-complexes are evoked by the auditory stimuli. Our findings highlight discrepancies in brain responses to auditory stimuli based on their relevance to the sleeper and propose a key role for K-complexes in the modulation of sensory processing during sleep. We argue that such content-specific, dynamic reactivity to external sensory information enables the brain to enter a sentinel processing mode in which it engages in the important internal processes that are ongoing during sleep while still maintaining the ability to process vital external sensory information.
Previous research has shown that sensory processing continues during sleep. Here, we studied the capacity of the sleeping brain to extract and process relevant sensory information. We presented sleepers with their own names and unfamiliar names spoken by either an FV or a UFV. During NREM sleep, UFVs elicited more K-complexes and microarousals than FVs. By contrasting stimuli that evoked K-complexes, we demonstrate that UFVs evoked larger, more synchronized brain responses as well as stronger power at high frequencies (>16 Hz) relative to FVs. These differences in brain responses disappeared when no K-complexes were evoked. Our results suggest a pivotal role for K-complexes in the selective processing of relevant information during NREM sleep.
V prispevku predstavljamo rešitve za prepoznavanje in označevanje zaznamovanega besedišča v okviru koncepta odzivnega Slovarja sopomenk sodobne slovenščine. Ker gre za prvi tovrstni projekt, so ...pripravljene rešitve v veliki meri inovativne, umeščene pa v okvir problematike avtomatske strojne izdelave slovarja, njegove odprtosti in vključenosti uporabniške skupnosti. Prispevek prikazuje postopek prepoznavanja sovražnega in grobega besedišča ter pripis oznak, opozorilnih ikon in daljših pojasnil. Ukvarjamo se tako s tehničnimi kot vsebinskimi vprašanji označevanja. Vsebinsko oznake temeljijo na sporočanjskem namenu in učinku, pri čemer je njihovo bistvo informacija o možnih posledicah rabe, pri tehničnih rešitvah pa veliko pozornost posvečamo digitalnemu mediju in vizualizaciji rešitev v njem. Ker je odzivnost eden ključnih konceptov slovarja, se pri rešitvah glede označevanja zavedamo pomembnosti sodelovanja z uporabniško skupnostjo, zato tudi pri dodajanju oznak predlagamo rešitve za sodelovanje s skupnostjo. Izhodiščni konferenčni prispevek je bil razširjen v vseh poglavjih, dodano pa je povsem novo poglavje o obdelavi večpomenskih iztočnic, njihovi pomenski členitvi in pomenskem opisovanju z zgledi pomenov z negativno zaznamovanostjo.
Kulturni dejavniki lahko vplivajo na to, kako urbanist ureja prostor. Kulturna identiteta ali ideologija pomembno vpliva na urbanistično načrtovanje, vendar je te vplive težko izmeriti, zato se ...pogosto spregledajo. V raziskavi preučujemo, kateri dejavniki vplivajo na urbanistovo percepcijo v Prištini, ki se izraža tudi v namenu njegovega oblikovanja in ustvarjanja prostora. Dejavnike smo povzeli iz prejšnjih raziskav ter vključujejo narodno identiteto, etnonacionalizem, socialne konstrukte in politične pritiske. Uporabili smo kvalitativno metodo raziskave s primerjalno analizo primerov. Z namenskim vzorčenjem in polstrukturiranimi intervjuji z izbranimi urbanisti v Prištini smo ugotovili, kako ti dejavniki vplivajo na njihovo percepcijo in namen urejanja prostora. Izkazalo se je, da na percepcijo najpomembneje vpliva narodna identiteta, sledijo politični pritiski, najmanjši vpliv pa imajo etnonacionalizem in socialni konstrukti. Poleg tega ima strukturna relativnost percepcij in namenov urbanistov pozitivne učinke. Izsledki raziskave poudarjajo elemente, ki bi jih morali upoštevati urbanisti na Kosovu, in dajejo dobro osnovo za nadaljnje raziskave.
Exploring and celebrating individual lives in diverse situations, Women Singers in Global Contexts is a new departure in the study of women's worldwide music-making. Ten unique women constitute the ...heart of this volume: each one has engaged her singing voice as a central element in her life, experiencing various opportunities, tensions, and choices through her vocality. These biographical and poetic narratives demonstrate how the act of vocalizing embodies dynamics of representation, power, agency, activism, and risk-taking._x000B__x000B_Engaging with performance practice, politics, and constructions of gender through vocality and vocal aesthetics, this collection offers valuable insights into the experiences of specific women singers in a range of sociocultural contexts. Contributors trace themes and threads that include childhood, families, motherhood, migration, fame, training, transmission, technology, and the interface of private lives and public identities._x000B__x000B_This volume is the first collection of primarily ethnographic work to concentrate solely on individual women singers. Singing takes on a distinctive role in each woman's life, and the women profiled include a locally known community singer, an internationally-renowned priestess, a professional wedding singer, and a national star. Essays range across musical genres encompassing jazz, rap, traditional, folk, devotional, and classical, and the collection's geographical focus includes Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Cuba, Cyprus, Germany, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, Torres Strait Islands, Turkey, and the United States._x000B__x000B_Contributors are Shino Arisawa, Katelyn Barney, Gay Breyley, Nicoletta Demetriou, Veronica Doubleday, Ruth Hellier, Ellen Koskoff, Carol Muller, Thomas Solomon, Amanda Villepastour, and Louise Wrazen._x000B_
Verdi's operas - composed between 1839 and 1893 - portray a striking diversity of female protagonists: warrior women and peacemakers, virgins and courtesans, princesses and slaves, witches and ...gypsies, mothers and daughters, erring and idealised wives, and, last of all, a feisty quartet of Tudor townswomen in Verdi's final opera, Falstaff. Yet what meanings did the impassioned crises and dilemmas of these characters hold for the nineteenth-century female spectator, especially during such a turbulent span in the history of the Italian peninsula? How was opera shaped by society - and was society similarly influenced by opera? Contextualising Verdi's female roles within aspects of women's social, cultural and political history, Susan Rutherford explores the interface between the reality of the spectators' lives and the imaginary of the fictional world before them on the operatic stage.
This is the first comprehensive treatment of the remarkable music and influence of Carla Bley, a highly innovative American jazz composer, pianist, organist, band leader, and activist. With ...fastidious attention to Bley's diverse compositions over the last fifty years spanning critical moments in jazz and experimental music history, Amy C. Beal tenders a long-overdue representation of a major figure in American music._x000B__x000B_Best known for her jazz opera "Escalator over the Hill," her role in the Free Jazz movement of the 1960s, and her collaborations with artists such as Jack Bruce, Don Cherry, Robert Wyatt, and Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason, Bley has successfully maneuvered the field of jazz from highly accessible, tradition-based contexts to commercially unviable, avant-garde works. Beal details the staggering variety in Bley's work as well as her use of parody, quotations, and contradictions, examining the vocabulary Bley has developed throughout her career and highlighting the compositional and cultural significance of her experimentalism._x000B__x000B_Beal also points to Bley's professional and managerial work as a pioneer in the development of artist-owned record labels, the cofounder and manager of WATT Records, and the cofounder of New Music Distribution Service. Showing her to be not just an artist but an activist who has maintained musical independence and professional control amid the profit-driven, corporation-dominated world of commercial jazz, Beal's straightforward discussion of Bley's life and career will stimulate deeper examinations of her work.
This is the first full-length introduction to the life and works of significant American composer Marga Richter (born 1926), who has written more than one hundred works for orchestra, chamber ...ensemble, dance, opera, voice, chorus, piano, organ, and harpsichord. Still actively composing in her eighties, Richter is particularly known for her large-scale works performed by ensembles such as the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Civic Orchestra of Chicago and for other pieces performed by prominent artists including pianist Menahem Pressler, conductor Izler Solomon, and violinist Daniel Heifetz. _x000B__x000B_Interspersing consideration of Richter's musical works with discussion of her life, her musical style, and the origins and performances of her works, Sharon Mirchandani documents a successful composer's professional and private life throughout the twentieth century. Covering Richter's formative years, her influences, and the phases of her career from the 1950s to the present, Mirchandani closely examines Richter's many interesting, attractive musical works that draw inspiration from distinctly American, Irish/English, and Asian sources. Drawing extensively on interviews with the composer, Mirchandani also provides detailed descriptions of Richter's scores and uses reviews and other secondary sources to provide contexts for her work, including their relationship to modern dance, to other musical styles, and to 1970s feminism._x000B_
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