The Herrnhut Brethren (Moravians) expanded to the Baltic region in the early eighteenth century and quickly became a substantial religious force, especially among the local Estonian and Latvian ...peasant population. Instead of following a top-down institutional approach to Christianity, the Moravians approached the peasants as equals. The resulting religious contact between the Moravians and the Baltic Lutheran Church entrenched Christianity in the Baltic countryside more than had previously been the case and empowered the local population, largely through the innovative use of media and access to education.
If linguistic nationalism presupposes a homogenous national language, then “dialect” taxonomies become interesting objects of study. This article examines three instances of linguistic nationalism ...published in Zagreb. The three texts, published in 1836, 1919, and 1995, come from (1) Ljudevit Gaj and Jan Kollár, (2) Dragutin Prohaska, and (3) Miro Kačić. The different texts propound three quite different taxonomies of “dialects” within the imagined national language. Changing strategies of dialect classification imply different understandings of the national language, reflecting in turn changing political circumstances. The Panslavism of 1836 gave way in 1919 to interwar Yugoslavism, or alternatively Serbo-Croatism, which in 1995 then gave way to Croatian particularist nationalism. The article ends with speculations about future linguistic taxonomies.
During the reign of Maria Theresia and her son Emperor Joseph II, Trieste was completely rebuilt and became an attractive freetax port of the Habsburg Empire. From the beginning of the eighteenth ...century to the first decade of the twentieth century, the population of Trieste increased from 5,000 to 230,000 inhabitants with an incredible number of migrants coming from Central Europe and the Mediterranean coastal areas. The multiethnic middle class obtained a series of privileges never granted before to the nobility, and its status is recognisable through the passion for chamber music and symphonies of Wiener Klassik, played both in private and public concerts. With the help of Czech intellectuals and musicians, during the 1860s the native Slovenes established a group of societies in which Romantic music and national anthems or Lieder were played. This trend culminated in the foundation of the Narodni dom (National House) and the Glasbena matica (Slovene Music Society). At the same time, the Italian nationalists maintained partial control of the Opera house, and the German minority reacted with the Schillerverein, in which Julius Heller spent his energies in spreading the music of Romantic and late-Romantic authors. Despite the political clash, the three groups gave significant impulse to instrumental music, which has marked the culture of Trieste.
Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur), Indonesia’s fourth president (1999–2001) and leader of the traditionalist Islamic organisation Nahdlatul Ulama (1984–1999), continues to influence Indonesia in positive ...and meaningful ways despite his death in 2009. He proved that Islam and a pluralistic political culture were compatible and that Indonesian Islam had a global role. His legacy continues through the Wahid Foundation, Nahdlatul Ulama, and the National Awakening Party. The Wahid Foundation operates under the directorship of his daughter, Yenny Wahid, and is dedicated to improving Islam and Indonesian society through documenting religious intolerance and injustice and by issuing recommendations. Following Nahdlatul Ulama’s National Congress in December 2021, its leadership has been dominated by Gus Dur’s allies, including his wife and four daughters, and his former presidential spokesperson Yahya Cholil Staquf, all of whom have a deep commitment to his values. Gus Dur’s former political party, the National Awakening Party, remains another institution which supports pluralism and secular inclusiveness. However, the relationship between Gus Dur’s allies and this party remains fractured, just as it was before he died. Despite an impeached presidency, a fallout with the National Awakening Party, and the considerable time that has passed since his death, he has produced an enduring legacy. Public deference to the late Gus Dur is reminiscent of the nine saints who Islamised Java half a millennia ago. This is because traditionalist Muslims believe that one’s deeds which produce on-going benefits to society will, in the afterlife, continue to accrue religious merit, and millions visit Gus Dur’s grave every year to demonstrate this.
The article examines the first stage of the Finnish national movement (Fennoman movement) which took place at the first half of the 19th century and is named as the “cultural fennomania” in ...historical literature. It analyzes the role of Elias Lönnrot and Johan Ludvig Runeberg in the Fennoman movement. At the end of the article the conclusion is drawn that J.V. Snellman, E. Lönnrot and J.L. Runeberg made great contribution to the process of formation of the Finnish national-consciousness.
Kosta Solev Racin (Коста Солев Рацин) is indeed a timeless impetus, since he is received both as symptom and symbol of the most crucially defining phase in the evolution of macedonian national ...awakening. Racin’s journalistic and essayistic stand as the token representative of the scientific essay of its time. In this particular article, my own interests are solely focused on the three essays on the Bogomils, written and published in the period between 1939 and 1940, due to various occasions, as well as the articles “Towards a Clearer understanding of Our Past” and “The Development and the Meaning of a New Kind of Literature of Ours”, which bears the aesthetic and literary-historical attributes of a literary manifesto.
By the end of the nineteenth century, Lithuania's national awakening in the sphere of the emotive life had resulted in the strengthening of folk traditions, songs, and games (dances). In the initial ...stages of the awakening, there was no doubt as to the relevance of folk singing and music. The case for folk dancing was less certain. If dancing was not discarded altogether on moral grounds, was it possible to make it into an important cultural and political tool, like singing? In romantic novels, published in the earliest Lithuanian national newspapers, one can identify various challenges that young people experienced while they fell in love, engaged in the activities of the national awakening, and considered whether or not to dance.
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