Genericity encompasses two distinct phenomena. The first one is reference to a kind, whereby a predicate describes a property directly of a kind as in Dinosaurs are extinct. The second one is a ...characterizing or a generic sentence that expresses generalizations as in Cats meow. A feature of generic sentences is that they tolerate exceptions. We accept sentences such as Mosquitos carry the West Nile virus to be true although the predicated property characterizes less than 1 percent of the generic noun phrase.
In this article, I propose a feature‐based account of genericity and kind reference linked to a formal semantics that articulates the features responsible for genericity and kind reference and where they are encoded. I argue that genericity and kind reference is due to the −domain restriction feature encoded on the (D)eterminer, the +set feature on the head of the Set Phrase, and the +/−exception tolerance feature encoded on a predicate. This feature‐based account explains why a sentence like Cats meow is tolerant of exceptions while Dinosaurs are extinct is not. My account is in line with the Borer‐Chomsky Conjecture (Baker 2008), according to which crosslinguistic parametric variation is due to differences in the features of functional heads.
Noun Phrase In Minang Language Akmal, Akmal; Nasution, Jamaluddin
Aksara (Gorontalo. Indonesia),
09/2021, Letnik:
7, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Phrase structure rules express the basic structural facts of the language in the form of “phrase markers”. This study discussed about the noun phrase in Minangkabau Language. The aim of this study is ...to find out the noun phrases of Minangkabau Language and how the noun phrases are used in the language. The used method is qualitative research design by interviewing the native speakers of Minangkabau by using the depth interview. the participants are the people who lived in Sukaramai Districts. They were born in Pariaman Districts and they are educated people who understand about the phrase structure.The researcher described the finding data more details. In this study, there are six noun phrase forms in Minangkabau Language and there is one unique form. The noun phrases are implicated in the daily activity of society. In fact, there was a unique noun phrase in Minang Language namely: Noun Phrase (NP) is N1 + sa + N2.
In the past 30 years there has been a growing body of research using different methods (behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological, TMS and imaging studies) asking whether processing words ...from different grammatical classes (especially nouns and verbs) engage different neural systems. To date, however, each line of investigation has provided conflicting results. Here we present a review of this literature, showing that once we take into account the confounding in most studies between semantic distinctions (objects vs. actions) and grammatical distinction (nouns vs. verbs), and the conflation between studies concerned with mechanisms of single word processing and those studies concerned with sentence integration, the emerging picture is relatively clear-cut: clear neural separability is observed between the processing of object words (nouns) and action words (typically verbs), grammatical class effects emerge or become stronger for tasks and languages imposing greater processing demands. These findings indicate that grammatical class per se is not an organisational principle of knowledge in the brain; rather, all the findings we review are compatible with two general principles described by typological linguistics as underlying grammatical class membership across languages: semantic/pragmatic, and distributional cues in language that distinguish nouns from verbs. These two general principles are incorporated within an emergentist view which takes these constraints into account.
The 'NP' is one of the least controversial grammatical units that linguists work with. The NP is often assumed to be universal, and appears to be robust cross-linguistically (compared to 'VP' or even ...'clause') in that it can be manipulated in argument positions in constructed examples. Furthermore, for any given language, its internal structure (order and type of modifiers) tends to be relatively fixed. Surprisingly, however, the empirical basis for 'NP' has never been established. The chapters in this volume examine the NP in everyday interactions from diverse languages, including little-studied languages as well as better-researched ones, in a variety of interactional settings. Together, these chapters show that cross-linguistically, the category NP is not as robust as has been assumed: in the context of temporally unfolding human interaction, its structural status is constantly negotiated in terms of participants' evolving social agendas.
A major challenge presented by noun class systems of Senufo languages is the non-trivial interaction between the agreement features of the noun phrase and the noun class specification on the head ...noun. In Kafire (Senufo, Côte d’Ivoire), demonstratives normally agree with the head noun independent of whether or not the head noun is modified by adjectives. Some adjectives, however, are exceptions to the general rule: in their presence the demonstrative appears in Class 2 or 3 (depending on the adjective), and fails to agree with the head noun. We present an account of the exceptional behavior of such adjectives within the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. We show that agreement in Kafire is a heterogeneous phenomenon that is best viewed as transitional between a system of semantically motivated agreement and a system of noun classes that is no longer dependent on meaning. Vestiges of the old system have been preserved in a variety of phenomena that have to be addressed individually using different kinds of formal tools provided by the framework. The variety of formal devices required to describe the functioning of the agreement system reflects the complex diachrony and the cross-modal (lexico-syntactic) synchronic nature of agreement phenomena.
This article presents an original analysis of possession in Mojeño Trinitario, an Arawak language, teasing apart the levels of lexical possessive noun classes, morphological derivation between noun ...classes, and adnominal possessive constructions. The three possessive noun classes (obligatorily prefixed, optionally prefixed and non-prefixable) do not exactly correspond to the three possessive noun classes of the traditional analysis of Arawak languages, as in the analysis proposed here some of the traditionally called “alienable” nouns, i.e. nouns occurring as either possessed or unpossessed, are classified as non-prefixable nouns because they need some additional derivational morphology to be prefixable. The two adnominal possessive constructions (basic, through prefixation and modification; and indirect, via a generic possessive noun) are described, and their distribution is discussed. The article then addresses the question of how the notion of “alienability contrast” could explain the phenomena described, at either the lexical or phrasal level. In the process, it offers frequency counts on how often nouns of the different possessive classes occur as possessed in discourse, and it discusses whether the three noun classes are open or closed classes. It concludes that the alienability contrast is at best only a partial explanation for the expression of possession in Mojeño Trinitario. This article ends by developing how this innovative account of possession in Mojeño Trinitario applies to other Arawak languages.
Background and Objective: Mentally retarded children delayed in global that affects motor, cognitive, communication, speech and language development. Poor organization in mental lexicon and reduction ...in vocabulary are the obvious consequences of mental retardation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate perception and expression of nouns, and test-retest reliability of two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests, in Farsi-speaking in educable mentally retarded children in Hamadan city. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study. 40 mentally retarded children (18 females, 22 males) were selected from exceptional children’s school of Hamadan. Two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests were used in this study. For the sake of test-retest reliability, 10 evaluated two times with one day time interval. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between mean scores of perception and expression (P=0.001, r=0.662). Mean scores of girls and boys was not statistically different. Findings about test-retest reliability show that, these two tests have optimal reliability. Conclusions: Descriptive statistics of the mentally retarded children can be part of normative data alongside other findings of other cities of Iran. In addition, confirmation of reliability shows part of the efficiency of these two tests in research and clinical settings.
The linguistic resources used by academic writers to adopt a position and engage with readers, variously described as evaluation, stance and metadiscourse, have attracted considerable attention in ...recent years. A relatively overlooked means of expressing a stance, however, is through a Noun Complement structure, where a stance head noun takes a nominal complement clause. This pattern allows a writer to front-load attitude meanings and offers an explicit statement of evaluation of the proposition which follows (as in 'The fact that science has a history is not an argument against the possibility of scientific truth'). In this article, we explore the frequencies, forms and functions of this structure in a corpus of 160 research articles across eight disciplines totalling 1.7 million words. Developing a new rhetorically based classification of stance nouns, we show that the structure is not only widely used to express author comment and evaluation, but that it exhibits considerable variation in the way that it is used to build knowledge across different disciplines.
The research aimed to discuss and analyze the translation of English zero derivation or conversion from nouns to Indonesian verbs using transposition strategy. The research was carried out through ...the qualitative method by having the constant comparative analysis whose data were collected from Harper Lee’s novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’. The data collection was obtained by sampling to support the description based on the classification, including morphological and syntactic categories. The findings show an obvious difference between source and target languages. This occurs when the translation of English zero derivation relies on the affixes more frequently than any other criteria. Furthermore, the overall result proves that the transposition of English conversion from nouns into Indonesian verbs can be analyzed from the verb base that can be converted into nouns, which is then called a deverbal noun, and the noun base that can be converted into a verb. The translation of English zero deverbal noun is possible to be transposed into the target language verb. In a part of formal properties, the identification of English verb base converted into noun could be characterized by the irregular verb, stress pattern, intransitive verb, and semantic complexity, at the same time when the English noun base is transposed into Indonesian verb by considering the verbal interpretation and frequency of occurrence.
The dichotomy “language and speech” will never disappear as a part of research from linguistic studies. These two phenomena nourish and rich each other. Vocative is one of such cross-points between ...language and speech in Ukrainian. The paradox of the situation happens because there are certain grammar rules, also there is a rule how to use a case itself but unfortunately there are some deviations in speech too. Precisely these deviations are one of the examples of constant language and speech interaction. The relevance of the topic is due to the necessity to explore changes in the Ukrainian language associated with the use of vocative forms as a result of the new time tendency in conditions of modern communicative discourse. The purpose of the article is to consider vocative form (vocative case) formation peculiarities in the Ukrainian language in the newest communicative discourse. To achieve this goal, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis method and a classification analysis method have been used. The vocative case history in the Ukrainian language has changed greately over the last almost 100 years. These changes are being felt even now as despite the fact that vocative case has been fully functioning in the Ukrainian language paradigm since 90s of the twentieth century so far, we can still observe the wrong formation and use of form of appeal – in the nominative case instead of the vocative one. Vocative has been present in Ukrainian since ancient times. Folklore texts, where carols, generosities, spring cherries and other genres are used precisely in the vocative case, can serve its evedence. Vocative was introduced into the case paradigm of the Ukrainian language by the fourth edition of “Ukrainian spelling” and took the 7th place there. More than 25 years have passed since then but the vocative case problem has not disappeared yet, because Ukrainians are bilingual. This leads to a number of errors, since many people forget that the nominative and vocative are two different cases and each of them has its own function in the language. The nominative is the initial form which denotes the name of animated and inanimated nouns. Vocative case performs the function of the addressee`s action. In contrast to the Ukrainian language, nominative case performs two functions – nominative and appellative in the Russian language The vocative case in the Ukrainian language should be considered taking into account the category of gender, number, declination and group. According to the changes occuring in the speech, forming vocative, it is necessary to consider various options for names which exist in the language, exactly: full (official) name, abbreviated (colloquial) name or diminutive form of the name. The vocative case today is gaining momentum in speech and to a certain extent it is becoming unified. This can be seen in the case of two-word references. At the moment, appeals consisting of a common noun and a proper name as well as two common nouns are fully used only in the vocative case although another option has only been possible until recent times: a common noun in the vocative case, a proper name in the nominative; the first name is common in the vocative case, the second one is common only in the nominative case. Perhaps a similar tendency will also soon refer to appeals, which include the nominal name and surname. Time will tell.
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