Extra virgin olive oil has been one of the most common targets for economically motivated food adulteration. This research employed the hand‐held FTIR spectrometer to develop the simple and portable ...screening methods for extra virgin olive oils adulterated with other cheaper vegetable oils. With the help of the ATR probe and chemometrics tools, oil samples can be measured directly without any pretreatment, then the spectra can be interpreted automatically to determine the possibility of adulteration and estimate the content of adulterant oil. A feasibility study of the hand‐held FTIR screening method was carried out using olive oils adulterated with canola oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. The SIMCA model using the hand‐held FTIR spectra can identify different kinds of vegetable oils correctly and recognize olive oils with not less than 10% of adulterant oils. Meanwhile, the content of adulterant oil in the range of 5% to 45% can be estimated by the PLS model using the hand‐held FTIR spectra within an error of 3%. This research shows the potential of the hand‐held FTIR technique in the rapid and field screening of olive oils adulterated with some cheaper vegetable oils.
Practical Application
This research provide a rapid and automatic detection method for olive oils adulterated with other cheaper vegetable oils. An oil sample can be measured directly within one minute, and the hand‐held instrument can be used anywhere needed.
The Arab Spring holds the promise of improved living standards and a more prosperous future for the peoples of the Middle East and North Africa region. At the same time, the region is witnessing ...uncertainty and economic pressures from domestic and external sources, which will likely be exacerbated by the recent worsening of the global economy. The main challenge in the short term will be to manage expectations while maintaining economic stability. To that end, better-targeted subsidies and transfers will help free up resources for investment in infrastructure, education, and health. Policies aimed at fostering inclusive growth will also help cement the longer-term benefits of the ongoing changes in the region. In the Caucasus and Central Asia, the economic outlook is broadly positive. Exports and remittances--key growth drivers in 2010--are continuing to grow solidly, helping the recovery gain firm momentum. At the same time, uncertainties over the robustness of the global recovery constitute a downside risk to the growth outlook. Key challenges facing the region over the medium term are to create jobs and foster high and inclusive growth.
What light does nearly 25 years of scientific study of the Exxon Valdez oil spill shed on the fate and effects of a spill? How can the results help in assessing future spills? How can ecological ...risks be assessed and quantified? In this, the first book on the effects of Exxon Valdez in 15 years, scientists directly involved in studying the spill provide a comprehensive perspective on, and synthesis of, scientific information on long-term spill effects. The coverage is multidisciplinary, with chapters discussing a range of issues including effects on biota, successes and failures of post-spill studies and techniques, and areas of continued disagreement. An even-handed and critical examination of more than two decades of scientific study, this is an invaluable guide for studying future oil spills and, more broadly, for unraveling the consequences of any large environmental disruption. For access to a full bibliography of related publications, follow the Resources link at www.cambridge.org/9781107027176.
Owing to the inefficiency of the conventional primary and secondary recovery methods to yield above 20–40% of the OOIP (original oil in place) as incremental oil, the need for EOR (Enhanced Oil ...Recovery) techniques to recover a higher proportion of the OOIP has become imperative. ASP (Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer) is one of such techniques that has proven successful due to its ability to improve displacement and sweep efficiency. Alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) flooding is a combination process in which alkali, surfactant and polymer are injected at the same slug. Because of the synergy of these three components, ASP is widely practiced in both pilot and field operations with the objective of achieving optimum chemistry at large injection volumes for minimum cost. Despite its popularity as a potentially cost-effective chemical flooding method, it is not without its limitations. This paper therefore focuses on the reviews of the application of ASP flooding process in oil recovery in the petroleum industry and its limitations in maximizing oil recovery from onshore and offshore reservoirs. Also discussed are technical solutions to some of these challenges.
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•ASP (Alkaline/surfactant/polymer) flooding improves displacement and sweep efficiency.•ASP EOR is a viable tertiary oil recovery technique for maximizing oil production.•ASP EOR technology can be taken to next level if better ASP systems are developed.•Some of its limitations need to be addressed to allow wide application of ASP EOR.
The article explores oil and natural gas development in the Arctic. While several commentators have argued that an increase in Arctic petroleum production in the years to come will follow directly ...from an increased demand for energy, our study finds that oil and natural gas production in the Arctic is dependent on a range of variables. By using climate-driven changes as a baseline, we examine spill-over effects and conditions that are important for further Arctic hydrocarbon production. Using the available literature from different scientific fields, this article provides a broad and nuanced perspective on the much debated question of whether or not the Arctic will become a region driven by oil and gas production.
► We study Arctic oil and gas activity. ► We consider climate changes, economic conditions, and political institutions. ► Increased Arctic activity is conditioned on several factors. ► Climate changes, energy prices, energy demand, and political incentives drives Arctic activity.
The aim of the study was to examine and compare oxidative stability of refined (peanut, corn, rice bran, grapeseed, and rapeseed) oils. The oils were subject a Schaal Oven Test (temperature 63 ± 1 ...°C) and a Rancimat test (temperature 120 °C) and their stability was compared at the 1st and 12th month of storage. Changes in the peroxide (PV) and anisidine (AnV) values in the thermostat test were the fastest in rapeseed oil and grapeseed oil. The best quality was preserved by peanut and corn oils both in the first and the twelfth month of storage. The induction times for the rice bran, corn, peanut, and rapeseed oils were similar from 4.77 h to 5.02 h in the first month and from 3.22 h to 3.77 h in the twelfth month. The shortest induction times were determined for grapeseed oil: 2.4 h and 1.6 h, respectively. A decrease of oxidative stability of about 30% was found in all the oils after 12 months of storage. The PV of 10, determined in the thermostat and Rancimat tests, were achieved at the latest in corn oil and the fastest in rice bran oil.
Recent price increases continue to stress the need for alternative resources. With conventional production steadily declining, advances in enhanced recovery will be required so that more drillers can ...extend their oil production and make reserves last longer. Thanks to significant drilling technology breakthroughs, wells are digging deeper for more unconventional resources, in particular heavy oil. A practical guide on heavy oil-related recovery methods is essential for drillers and producers alike. To feed this demand, James Speight, a well-respected professor and author, provides a must-read for drillers, domestic and abroad that are involved in production enhancement. Covering the spectrum, the author explains the current methods of recovery for heavy oil and tar sand bitumen technology, broken down by thermal and non-thermal methods. He provides complete coverage on important topics such as geology and origin of heavy oil, heavy oil properties, introductory methods on primary, secondary and tertiary method recovery and how-to upgrade and process heavy oil. Rounded out with a glossary of key terminology, any engineer and oil personnel that work with heavy oil and tar sand bitumen will greatly benefit from this much-needed text.
In world practice, the role of reproduction of raw material base of oil production by implementing modern methods of oil recovery enhancement (thermal, gas, chemical, microbiological) on the basis of ...innovative techniques and technologies is rapidly growing and is becoming more important. It is concluded that at present, the priority of increasing oil reserves in world oil production is the development and industrial introduction of modern integrated methods of enhanced oil recovery, which can provide a synergistic effect in the development of new and developed oil fields. This article presents a review and comparative analysis of theoretical and practical methods of improving oil recovery of conventional and unconventional reservoirs. The paper examines in detail methods of improving oil recovery, taking into account the factors of enhanced oil recovery of oil reservoirs. Considered the main methods and technologies currently used to develop oil fields and recommendations for their effective use, taking into account the variety of external factors of oil production: the geological structure of the reservoir, its volume, and properties of oils. It is shown that there is no universal method of oil reservoir development, and it must be chosen after a thorough feasibility study among several proposed models. When describing the methods of enhanced oil recovery, special attention is also paid to the physical processes that occur as a result of applying the technology. In conclusion, the positive and negative characteristics of the presented methods included in EOR are presented, and recommendations that may influence the choice of practical solutions for engineers and oil producers are given. Conclusions are made that development systems, placement and choice of operating mode of wells essentially depend on the geological structure of the reservoir, its volume and properties of oils. An important role in this is the construction of a geological model of the production facility. The used hydrodynamic models of development are based on physical laws, about which oil producers sometimes don’t even suspect, and the authors of the models are not always able to convey it to the real producers. The authors consider it reasonable to make a logical generalizing conclusion that understanding processes occurring in the reservoir and taking appropriate measures for optimization and intensification of oil production will allow making oil production as effective as possible.
Approximately two billion dollars a day
of petroleum are traded worldwide, which makes petroleum the
largest single item in the balance of payments and exchanges
between nations. Petroleum represents ...the larger share in
total energy use for most net exporters and net importers.
While petroleum taxes are a major source of income for more
than 90 countries in the world, poor countries net importers
are more vulnerable to price increases than most
industrialized economies. This paper has five chapters.
Chapter one describes the key features of upstream,
midstream, and downstream petroleum operations and how these
may impact value creation and policy options. Chapter two
draws on ample literature and discusses how changes in the
geopolitical and global economic environment and in the host
governments' political and economic priorities have
affected the rationale for and behavior of National Oil
Companies' (NOCs). Rather than providing an in-depth
analysis of the philosophical reasons for creating
aNOC, this chapter seeks to highlight the special
nature of NOCs and how it may affect their existence,
objectives, regulation, and behavior. Chapter three proposes
a value creation index to measure the contribution of NOCs
to social value creation. A conceptual model is also
proposed to identify the factors that affect value creation.
Chapter four presents the result of an exploratory
statistical analysis aimed to determine the relative
importance of the drivers of value creation. In addition,
the experience of a selected sample of NOCs is analyzed in
detail, and lessons of general applicability are derived.
Finally, Chapter five summarizes the conclusions.
This article makes four contributions. First, it investigates the extent to which the U.S. fracking boom has caused Arab oil exports to decline since late 2008. Second, the article quantifies for the ...first time by how much the U.S. fracking boom has lowered the global price of oil. Using a novel econometric methodology, it is shown that in mid-2014, for example, the Brent price of crude oil was lower by $10 than it would have been in the absence of the fracking boom. Third, the article provides evidence that the decline in Saudi net foreign assets between mid-2014 and August 2015 would have been reduced by 27% in the absence of the fracking boom. Finally, the article discusses the policy choices faced by Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil producers.
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