The Trifurcated Model of Narcissism (TriMN) has received growing attention in the scientific study of narcissistic traits, as it provides a clear and clinically useful distinction of the three core ...elements of narcissistic personalities: agentic extraversion (AE), narcissistic antagonism (NA), and narcissistic neuroticism (NN). So far, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI) and its abbreviations-for example, the recently introduced brief form (FFNI-BF)-represent the only measures that allow for a direct and simultaneous assessment of these traits. Distinct parts of the TriMN have also been measured by other narcissism scales, however, including the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) or the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). It remains unclear to what extent trait estimates provided by these alternative measures overlap and under which circumstances they can be used interchangeably. Here, we present a model-driven combination of NARQ and HSNS items that may serve as a valuable, economic tool to assess the three narcissism dimensions. In two studies (accumulated N = 2,266, 1,673 female, 580 male, 13 diverse), we show that the NARQ/HSNS and the FFNI-BF access virtually the same presentations of AE, NA, and NN, whereby the combined NARQ/HSNS outperforms the FFNI-BF in terms of structure, theory-consistent relations among (latent) narcissistic traits, and predictive validity with respect to personality pathology. Our research provides new insights on the assessment of narcissistic traits according to the increasingly popular TriMN and can inform future research on its dimensions.
Public Significance Statement
This article presents comparative, in-depth assessments of two alternative self-report measures of the Trifurcated Model of Narcissism, a state-of-the-art theoretical account on the organization of narcissistic personality traits. Our findings can inform future scientific and clinical decision making regarding the measurement of narcissistic traits.
Explaining human behavior is a primary concern for tourism research and a substantial body of research concludes that highly satisfied tourists are more likely to return to a particular destination. ...In this article, we provide an analysis of this body of work, arriving at three concerns relating to the strength of association between satisfaction and behavioral intention: (1) the link between constructs is complex, resulting in the frequent omission of causal factors; (2) inconsistency with construct operationalization impedes cumulative knowledge development; and (3) explainable variance is impeded by between-study heterogeneity. We illustrate these problems by analyzing empirical guest survey data and conducting a meta-analysis of published papers in the three top tourism journals between 2002 and 2011. We offer four recommendations for future research investigating the link between satisfaction and behavioral intention.
The pain-assessment literature often claims that pain is subjective. However, the meaning and implications of this claim are left to the reader’s imagination. This paper attempts to make sense of the ...claim and its problems from the history and philosophy of science perspective. It examines the work of Henry Beecher, the first person to operationalize “pain” in terms of subjective measurements. First, I reconstruct Beecher’s operationalization of “pain.” Next, I argue this operationalization fails. Third, I salvage Beecher’s insights by repositioning them in an intersubjective account. Finally, I connect these insights to current pain-assessment approaches, showing that they enrich each other.
Background: Medication adherence is the process by which patients take their medication as prescribed and is an umbrella term that encompasses all aspects of medication use patterns. Ambiguous ...terminology has emerged to describe a deviation from prescribed regimen, forcing the European ABC Project to define 3 phases of medication use: initiation, implementation, and discontinuation. However, different measures of medication adherence using medication records are currently available that do not always distinguish between these phases. The literature is lacking standardization and operationalization of the assessment methods. Objective: To propose a harmonization of standards as well as definitions of distinct measures and their operationalization to quantify adherence to medication from medication records. Methods: Group discussions and consensus process among all coauthors. The propositions were generated using the authors’ experiences and views in the field of adherence, informed by theory. Results: The concepts of adherence measures within the new taxonomy were harmonized, and the standards necessary for the operationalization of adherence measures from medication records are proposed. Besides percentages and time-to values, the addition of a dichotomous value for the reinitiation of treatment is proposed. Methodological issues are listed that should be disclosed in studies on adherence. Conclusions: The possible impact of the measures in adherence research is discussed. By doing this, the results of future adherence research should gain in accuracy. Finally, studies will become more transparent, enabling comparison between studies.
Enterprise architecture (EA) is a systematic way of designing, planning, and implementing process and technology changes to address the complexity of information system (IS) landscapes. EA is ...operationalized when architecture visions move towards realization through concrete projects. We report a case study on the dynamics of operationalizing EA in the Norwegian hospital sector by exploring different EA project trajectories. Our empirical context is an institutionally pluralistic setting where multiple logics coexist. We show that the distinct logic of EA is added to the institutional context and we find that tensions among existing medical, technical, and managerial logics and EA principles and assumptions emerge. We contribute to the under‐researched topic of EA operationalization by suggesting a model that demonstrates how the meeting of multiple institutional logics can lead to varying degrees of differentiation or even disassociation from EA visions during decision‐taking in projects. Furthermore, we advance extant research on IS projects' implementation in institutionally pluralistic settings by providing an empirical account of actors' interactions and project leadership arrangements that contribute to the persistence of coexisting logics in a dynamic equilibrium.
•A need for greater explicitness and broader consensus in the use of fatigue is outlined.•Existing attempts at definition are categorised and reviewed.•A new definition of fatigue is derived and ...presented.
Despite its importance to health and safety, there is a long history of disagreement about how to operationalize fatigue when studying exertion in human transport operators. The current article reviews existing definitions, and consequently proposes a new definition as a step forward. A consideration of everyday use of the term finds that people often seem to use fatigue to describe a sensation related to exertion. Formal definitions of fatigue can be divided into a few broad definitions, capturing experiential, physiological and performance aspects of the construct, and many narrow definitions, focusing only on one or two of these aspects. Most existing definitions do not account explicitly for the role of sleep drives and sleepiness. They also fail to account for a wide range of factors associated with transport operator exertion, such as motivation and individual, organizational and environmental factors. Each of these points is assimilated in the derivation of a new “whole definition” of fatigue, in which the experience of human operator fatigue is a central aspect of the fatigue process. Although multidimensional and diffuse, the evolved definition does not detract from the measurement and study of limited aspects of fatigue. Rather, by describing the dynamic complexity of fatigue, it may help make explicit what different studies do or do not measure or account for in terms of the different aspects of fatigue. It is claimed that the proposed definition could be used to help harmonise attempts to study and tackle fatigue in transport health and safety contexts.
•A growing body of research studies family firms across country contexts.•This systematic literature review analyzes 105 cross-country family firm studies.•The review structures research across four ...types of cross-country operationalization.•It shows three gaps at the intersection of family firm and cross-national research.•The review offers new ways to bridge international business and family firm research.
The national context in which family firms operate influences their behavior and firm-related outcomes. Especially how and why family businesses differ across contexts has therefore received growing interest. Yet, the insights on family businesses across countries remain fragmented and lack integration, especially regarding how the cross-country context is operationalized. Building on comparative cross-national research, this review aims to bridge the disciplines of international business and family business. I analyze the current field of cross-country family business research building on a systematic literature review of 105 peer-reviewed studies in the period 2000–2020 with the goal to collect and structure the current body of knowledge and build a future research agenda. The findings highlight different approaches that family business research utilizes to operationalize “cross-country” elements, outlining how research applies direct comparisons between countries and comparisons based upon theoretical perspectives. Building upon this conceptualization of cross-country operationalizations, the study provides several new avenues for future research.
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