Red mud (RM) and spent oyster mushroom substrate (SOMS), by-products of industrial and agricultural production, can be recycled for polluted freshwater purification, bringing about a win-win ...situation. In this study, unacidified RM and RM acidified with oxalic acid (O-RM) and hydrochloric acid (H-RM), respectively, were mixed with SOMS to produce a porous ceramsite as a potential constructed wetlands (CWs) substrate. The results showed that the O-RM, H-RM, and RM ceramsites displayed fine compressive strengths of 7.75 ± 1.14, 8.40 ± 1.30, and 8.84 ± 0.69 MPa after calcining at 950 °C for 30 min, respectively. The phosphorus adsorption capacities of H-RM, O-RM, and RM ceramsite at a solid-liquid ratio of 25 g/L were 1.18 mg/g, 0.88 mg/g, and 1.06 mg/g, respectively. Toxicity release experiments showed that the ceramsites did not cause secondary environmental pollution, except for arsenic (ranging from 0.210 to 0.238 mg/L). The H-RM ceramsite was tested in a tidal flow-vertical flow CW (TF-VFCW) with Iris pseudacorus L. and Canna indica L plants. In the TF-VFCW, the average chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) removal rates were 81.01, 90.25, 66.90, and 77.32 %, respectively. Plant growth had less impact on COD and NH4-N removal but had greater limited TN and TP removal. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that acid pretreatment and the incorporation of SOMS significantly increased the surface and interior porous structures of the ceramsite and enhanced phosphate adsorption by the polyhydroxyl aluminum-iron complex ions. Bacteroides and Campylobacter used the energy produced during polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) catabolism to absorb phosphorus. Therefore, the synergistic effect of the substrate, plants, and microorganisms achieved the removal of phosphorus from CWs and offered effective and environmentally friendly recycling of RM and SOMS.
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•Phosphorus is an essential nutrient causing eutrophication in the freshwater ecosystems.•Spent oyster mushroom substrate (SOMS) is a good pore-forming material and can be used to prepare porous red mud ceramsite.•The ceramsite does not leach toxic pollutants and has good compressive strength.•In CWs, the ceramsite plays an effective role in removing pollutants.
Oyster mushroom stem residue, a by-product with medicinal and nutritive values, might be a prospective feed supplement in poultry nutrition. The study focused on evaluating the impact of oyster ...mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) stem residue (OMSR) powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood characteristics, and the cecal bacterial count in Arbor Acres broilers raised 35 d. A total of 144 day-old chicks, with an average weight of 40.27± 2.45 g, were divided into 3 groups: control (received a standard basal diet), antibiotic (basal diet + 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline), and OMSR (fed a basal diet with 300 mg/kg OMSR), where each group comprises 8 replications of 6 chicks. Supplementation of 300 mg/kg of OMSR powder in the broiler diet significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight as opposed to the control and antibiotic treatments, though the average daily feed intake was not influenced by OMSR supplementation during the whole experimental period. However, in comparison to the control and antibiotic groups, OMSR significantly reduced the postmortem breast meat drip loss percentage (P < 0.05) at 24 hours and on the seventh d. Furthermore, the OMSR group reported significantly elevated levels of Hb and RBC counts (P < 0.05), and decreased levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations (P < 0.05) on d 35 in comparison to broilers in the control and antibiotic groups. Additionally, the OMSR group exhibited an improved Heterophil/Lymphocytes (H/L) ratio (P < 0.05) relative to the broilers of the control and antibiotic groups. In contrast, the inclusion of OMSR in the broiler diet did not significantly (P > 0.05) influence other serum biochemical and hematological values tested. Broilers in OMSR group had reduced number (P < 0.05) of E. coli and Salmonella spp., but higher presence of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05) in contrast to the control broilers. To summarize, the study's findings revealed that 300 mg of OMSR powder supplementation per kg of basal diet could be act as a natural growth promoter, and confer favorable effects on health and meat quality of broilers.
In this work, aqueous extracts from six different Pleurotus species were obtained and their yield, gross composition, β-glucan content, monosaccharide profile, thermal stability, molecular weight ...distribution, and FT-IR were analyzed before and after purification through ethanol precipitation of the carbohydrate-rich fractions. The bioactivity (anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity) of the various fractions obtained was also analyzed in three different cell cultures and compared with a lentinan control. The trend observed after purification of the aqueous fractions was an increase in the concentration of polysaccharides (especially β-glucans), a decrease in ash, glucosamine and protein content and the elimination of low molecular weight (Mw) compounds, thus leaving in the purified samples high Mw populations with increased thermal stability. Interestingly, all these purified fractions displayed immunomodulatory capacity when tested in THP-1 macrophages and most of them also showed significant activity in HEK-hTLR4 cells, highlighting the bioactivity observed for Pleurotus ostreatus (both the extracts obtained from the whole mushroom and from the stipes). This specific species was richer in heteropolysaccharides, having moderate β-glucan content and being enriched upon purification in a high Mw fraction with good thermal stability.
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Disabled group "Argodadi Pinilih" has 40 active members. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused some members to lose their jobs. Members of the disabled group began to try to cultivate oyster mushrooms in ...their homes and they also carried out their own maintenance. Some “baglog” cannot grow mushrooms because the environment where the mushrooms grow does not meet the requirements. The problems faced by the disabled group "Argodadi Pinilih" are low quantity and quality of oyster mushrooms, limited skills in making processed food from mushrooms and mushroom marketing is still limited. The objectives of this community empowerment activity are (a) increasing the quantity and quality of mushroom production (b) improving skills in the manufacture of processed food made from mushrooms, (c) expanding the mushroom market share. The methods used in the implementation of empowerment activities are (a) counseling on oyster mushroom cultivation and marketing strategies (b) training on processing food from oyster mushrooms, (c) facilitation house of mushroom and baglog. The results of the empowerment show that the training, mentoring and facilitation of mushroom house and “baglog” can increase the quantity and quality of oyster mushroom production, improve the skills in making processed food from mushrooms and expand the market share of oyster mushrooms. The knowledge and skills of the disabled group members about mushroom farming and processing increased as evidenced by the pre-test score of 79.23 and post-test of 86.00 with an increase 8.54%.
Oyster mushrooms are commonly found on hardwoods throughout the north temperate zone; they are edible and have many nutritious qualities. This 5-page document describes how you can grow your own ...oyster mushrooms at home. Written by Chih-Ming Hsu, Khalid Hameed, Van T. Cotter, and Hui-Ling Liao and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Soil and Water Sciences, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss662
Pleurotus genus is one of most extensively studied white-rot fungi due to its exceptional ligninolytic properties. It is an edible mushroom and it also has several biological effects, as it contains ...important bioactive molecules. In basidiomycete fungi, lignocellulolytic enzymes are affected by many typical fermentation factors, such as medium composition, ratio of carbon to nitrogen, pH, temperature, air composition, etc. The survival and multiplication of mushrooms is related to a number of factors, which may act separately or have interactive effects among them. Out that understanding challenges in handling Pleurotus species mushroom requires a fundamental understanding of their physical, chemical, biological and enzymatic properties. This review presents a practical checklist of available intrinsic and extrinsic factors, providing useful synthetic information that may help different users. An in-depth understanding of the technical features is needed for an appropriate and efficient production of Pleurotus spp.
•A new methodology was developed for the recovery of extract rich in antioxidant polysaccharide.•Box-Behnken design allowed the prediction of optimal conditions in H2O + CO2-SFE.•Temperature and ...pressure influence the obtainment of polysaccharide extract with H2O + CO2-SFE.•Anomeric bonds, identified in the FTIR and NMR spectrum, indicate that the extract is rich in polysaccharides.•The extract obtained with H2O + CO2-SFE showed high antioxidant activity in vitro and in a cell model.
Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom with pharmacological potential, due to its metabolites, mainly polysaccharides. On here, the development of a new methodology for the recovery of extract rich in antioxidant polysaccharide was reported. The extracts were characterized, evaluated for antioxidant activity in vitro and in cell models and cytotoxicity. The best defined extraction condition was 25 MPa, 433.15 K, and 20% H2O, with 30.69% of the total yield and 0.921 mg of CHO3. The anomeric bonds, identified in the FTIR and NMR spectrum, indicate that the extracts are a mixture of heteropolysaccharides, β-glucans, α-glucans, and oligosaccharides. The best extraction condition has 80.83% of antioxidant activity, without cytotoxic effect in vitro. In addition to antioxidant activity in cell model, increasing protection against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Finally, H2O + CO2-SFE technology can be used to obtain extracts rich in antioxidant polysaccharides with pharmacological and food potential.
Within the group of higher fungi, edible medicinal mushrooms have a long history of being used as food and in folk medicine. These species contain biologically active substances with many potential ...beneficial effects on human health. The Pleurotus genus is representative of medicinal mushrooms because Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most commonly cultivated culinary mushrooms. In our study, we focused on lesser-known species in the genus Pleurotus and measured their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We prepared extracts of the mushrooms and analyzed them using HPLC−HRMS, GC−MS, and 1H-NMR. Significant differences in biological activities were found among the Pleurotus spp. extracts. A MeOH extract of P. flabellatus was the most active as a radical scavenger with the highest ORAC, while a chloroform extract had significant anti-inflammatory COX-2 activity. The 80% MeOH extract of P. flabellatus contained the highest amounts of ergosterol, ergothioneine, and mannitol. The 80% MeOH extract of P. ostreatus Florida was the most active in the NF-κB inhibition assay and had the highest content of β-glucans (43.3% by dry weight). Given the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of P. flabellatus, the potential therapeutic usefulness of this species is worth evaluating through in-depth investigations and confirmation by clinical trials.
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•Microwave vacuum pyrolysis produces highly porous palm kernel shell biochar.•Biochar retains and increases moisture content in mushroom substrate up to 99%.•Biochar speed ups full ...colonization of the mycelium within one month.•Biochar maintains optimum pH level (6.8–7) during the mycelium colonization period.•Biochar produces high mycelium growth (up to 91%) and mushroom yield (up to 280 g).
Microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm kernel shell was examined to produce engineered biochar for application as additive in agriculture application. The pyrolysis approach, performed at 750 W of microwave power, produced higher yield of porous biochar (28 wt%) with high surface area (270 cm2/g) compared to the yield obtained by conventional approach (<23 wt%). Addition of the porous biochar in mushroom substrate showed increased moisture content (99%) compared to the substrate without biochar (96%). The mushroom substrate added with biochar (150 g) was optimal in shortening formation, growth, and full colonization of the mycelium within one month. Using 2.5% of the biochar in mushroom substrate desirably maintained the optimum pH level (6.8–7) during the mycelium colonization period, leading to high mycelium growth (up to 91%) and mushroom yield (up to 280 g). The engineered biochar shows great potential as moisture retention and neutralizing agent in mushroom cultivation.
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