This open access book is the first to provide an analysis of the Dutch paper industry over a period encompassing six centuries. Responding to a trend of renewed scholarly interest in paper industries ...and production, the book seeks to illuminate the factors behind this relatively small national industry’s centuries-long survival. Previous historical research has shown that sets of colonial, trade, merchant and family networks, tightly interwoven through a dense web of capital, were crucial for paper production and trade in early modern Europe. This book situates the Dutch paper industry within these overlapping contexts and their shifting dynamics over time, and historicizes the challenges and obstacles it had to overcome through four phases of capitalism: the rise of Dutch capitalism (1580–1815), Dutch monarchic liberalism (1815–1914), Fordism (1914–1980), and post-Fordism (1980 until now). Each chapter covers not only technological advancements in the industry, but its development alongside further determining dimensions, such as state-industry relations (industry policies), labour-capital relations (unions) and competition and cooperation, overall painting a picture of how the industry adapted to and endured changes in national and global networks surrounding the industry. This book will be of broad interest to scholars of economic and business history, as well as industrial history, political economy, and management studies.
Concerns on the expanding infestation of several Acacia species in the southern Mediterranean European countries have triggered an ever-growing requirement for costly targeted control actions. ...Valorizing biomass waste produced could help promote and better finance these actions. For that purpose, wood wastes from invasive control actions were tested regarding their pulp and paper potential, aiming to entice cellulose industries to partake in future conservation actions. Wood waste from the five most pervasive Acacia species was studied (Acacia dealbata Link, Acacia longifolia Willd, Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Acacia melanoxylon R.Br, and Acacia saligna Labill) regarding physical and chemical characteristics, and a central composite design was used to optimize alkali charge and reaction temperature on pulping yield and delignification. Bleached kraft pulps were produced with each species’ optimized conditions and for an equitable mixture of all species. Optimized pulp yields (52.6%–53.5%) and pulp polymerization degree (2867–3690) of Acacia species were higher than those of Eucalyptus globulus Labill (used as reference). Optimized bleached pulps were refined and fiber, pulp, and handsheet properties determined. Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia presented high specific wood consumption and lower handsheet strength properties, pointing to overall lower pulping potential, while A. melanoxylon and A. mearnsii characteristics were equal to or higher than those of E. globulus. A. saligna pulp and handsheet characteristics appear more suited for tissue paper. The Acacia mixture achieved acceptable characteristics, enabling the indiscriminate use of Acacia wood regardless of the species. As a shortcoming, the Acacia pulps showed the worst optical characteristics, with brightness dropping substantially with beating (64%–76%) when compared to E. globulus (81%).
In the power of the government Kuhlberg, Mark
In the power of the government,
2015, 20150317, 2015, 2015-01-01, 2015-03-27
eBook
Mark Kuhlberg challenges the orthodox interpretation of the relationship between the corporations which ran the Ontario's pulp and paper mills and the politicians at Queen's Park in the early ...twentieth century.
This paper aims to understand how firms develop a dynamic capability to implement social strategies and manage pressures from local and global stakeholders. A multiple case study was conducted with ...four Brazilian multinationals in the pulp and paper industry. These firms develop dynamic capabilities to adapt to a changing environment by monitoring it and learning from their stakeholders, nurturing mutually beneficial relationships and partnerships with other organizations, and constantly adopting or influencing social strategies. This papers findings extend the literature that converges social strategies and dynamic capabilities by presenting evidence that these firms are developing and deploying a dynamic capability to implement social strategies. The findings also show that firms can develop complex and dynamic capabilities to manage stakeholder demands at local and global levels. Finally, this paper contributes to the dynamic capability and social strategy literature by demonstrating that such capability is critical in managing multiple stakeholders. Keywords: social strategy, dynamic capability, social and environmental activities. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender como las empresas desarrollan una capacidad dinamica para implementar estrategias sociales para gestionar las presiones de los stakeholders locales y globales. Se realizo un estudio de caso multiple con cuatro multinacionales brasilenas del sector de celulosa y papel. Estas empresas desarrollan una capacidad dinamica que les permite adaptarse a un entorno cambiante al monitorear y aprender de sus stakeholders, cultivar relaciones y asociaciones mutuamente beneficiosas con otras organizaciones, y adoptar o influir constantemente en practicas sostenibles. Los resultados de este articulo amplian la literatura en la que convergen estrategias sociales y capacidades dinamicas al presentar evidencia de que estas empresas estan desarrollando y desplegando una capacidad dinamica que permite la implementacion de estrategias sociales. Los resultados tambien muestran que las empresas pueden desarrollar capacidades complejas y dinamicas para gestionar las demandas de los stakeholders a nivel local y mundial. Este articulo contribuye a las literaturas sobre capacidad dinamica y estrategias sociales, al demostrar que dicha capacidad es fundamental en la gestion de multiples stakeholders. Palabras clave: estrategias sociales, capacidad dinamica, actividades sociales y ambientales. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender como as empresas desenvolvem capacidade dinamica para implementar estrategias sociais a fim de gerenciar as pressoes de stakeholders locais e globais. Portanto, realizamos um estudo de caso multiplo com quatro multinacionais brasileiras do setor de papel e celulose. Essas empresas desenvolvem uma capacidade dinamica que lhes permite se adaptar a um ambiente em mudanca, monitorando-o e aprendendo com seus stakeholders, cultivando relacionamentos e parcerias mutuamente beneficas com outras organizacoes e constantemente adotando ou influenciando praticas sustentaveis. Os resultados deste artigo estendem a literatura que converge estrategias sociais e capacidades dinamicas, apresentando evidencias de que essas empresas estao desenvolvendo e implantando uma capacidade dinamica que permite a implementacao de estrategias sociais. Os resultados tambem mostram que essas empresas podem desenvolver capacidades complexas e dinamicas para gerenciar as demandas dos stakeholders em niveis local e global. Este artigo contribui para a literatura de capacidade dinamica e estrategias sociais, demonstrando que tal capacidade e critica no gerenciamento de multiplos stakeholders. Palavras-chave: estrategias sociais, capacidade dinamica, atividades sociais e ambientais.
Due to the health and environment impacts of fossil fuels utilization, biofuels have been investigated as a potential alternative renewable source of energy. Bioethanol is currently the most produced ...biofuel, mainly of first generation, resulting in food-fuel competition. Second generation bioethanol is produced from lignocellulosic biomass, but a costly and difficult pretreatment is required. The pulp and paper industry has the biggest income of biomass for non-food-chain production, and, simultaneously generates a high amount of residues. According to the circular economy model, these residues, rich in monosaccharides, or even in polysaccharides besides lignin, can be utilized as a proper feedstock for second generation bioethanol production. Biorefineries can be integrated in the existing pulp and paper industrial plants by exploiting the high level of technology and also the infrastructures and logistics that are required to fractionate and handle woody biomass. This would contribute to the diversification of products and the increase of profitability of pulp and paper industry with additional environmental benefits. This work reviews the literature supporting the feasibility of producing ethanol from Kraft pulp, spent sulfite liquor, and pulp and paper sludge, presenting and discussing the practical attempt of biorefineries implementation in pulp and paper mills for bioethanol production.
Pulp-and-paper mills produce various types of contaminants and a significant amount of wastewater depending on the type of processes used in the plant. Since the generated wastewaters can be ...potentially polluting and very dangerous, they should be treated in wastewater treatment plants before being released to the environment. This paper reviews different wastewater treatment processes used in the pulp-and-paper industry and compares them with respect to their contaminant removal efficiencies and the extent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. It also evaluates the impact of operating parameters on the performance of different treatment processes. Two mathematical models were used to estimate GHG emission in common biological treatment processes used in the pulp-and-paper industry. Nutrient removal processes and sludge treatment are discussed and their associated GHG emissions are calculated. Although both aerobic and anaerobic biological processes are appropriate for wastewater treatment, their combination known as hybrid processes showed a better contaminant removal capacity at higher efficiencies under optimized operating conditions with reduced GHG emission and energy costs.
•Wastewater treatment techniques used in pulp-and-paper industry are reviewed.•Numerical models are developed to estimate GHG emissions for each technique.•Contaminant removal efficiencies and GHG emissions depend on operating parameters.•Hybrid process is found to be the most appropriate and stable treatment technique.
In this study, the methane production potential of paper industry waste sludge (PPWS) was investigated using consortium of hydrolytic enzymes (CHE) mediated poly3hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) method. ...Initially, P3HB was extracted from municipal aerated waste sludge (MARWS) by optimizing extraction time and dimethyl carbonate dosage. Maximum of P3HB (910 mg/g) was extracted at 60 min of extraction time and 4 mL of dimethyl carbonate dosage. Then, the influence of extracted P3HB dosage (5–120 mg) on methane production from PPWS was examined. 75 mg of P3HB dosage was exhibited higher methane production (153 mL/g VS) when compared to other P3HB dosage. Further, CHE mediated pretreatment was performed by varying CHE dosage and temperature. At optimized CHE dosage (2.5 mL) and temperature (45 °C), maximum of chemical oxygen demand (COD) liquefaction, suspended solids reduction (SSR) and lignin removal were found respectively to be 23.7%, 18% and 61% which was higher than control (COD liquefaction (0.9%), SSR (0.5%) and lignin removal (0.7%)). Also, biomethane potential assay was carried out in which CHE mediated P3HB method attained higher methane production (280 mL/g VS) when compared to CHE method (217 mL/g VS) and control (47 mL/g VS).
•Biopolyester was extracted by varying extraction time and dimethyl carbonate dose.•The extracted biopolyester was identified as P3HB.•P3HB dose had a significant impact on methane production from PPWS.•Maximum of COD liquefaction and SSR were noticed in CHE pretreatment study.•Higher methane production was attained by CHE mediated P3HB method.
The paper industry is adopting zero liquid effluent technologies to reduce freshwater use and meet environmental regulations, which implies closure of water circuits and the progressive accumulation ...of pollutants that must be removed before water reuse and final wastewater discharge. The traditional water treatment technologies that are used in paper mills (such as dissolved air flotation or biological treatment) are not able to remove recalcitrant contaminants. Therefore, advanced water treatment technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are being included in industrial wastewater treatment chains aiming to either improve water biodegradability or its final quality. A comprehensive review of the current state of the art regarding the use of AOPs for the treatment of the organic load of effluents from the paper industry is herein addressed considering mature and emerging treatments for a sustainable water use in this sector. Wastewater composition, which is highly dependent on the raw materials being used in the mills, the selected AOP itself, and its combination with other technologies, will determine the viability of the treatment. In general, all AOPs have been reported to achieve good organic removal efficiencies (COD removal >40 %, and about an extra 20 % if AOPs are combined with biological stages). Particularly, ozonation has been the most extensively reported and successfully implemented AOP at an industrial scale for effluent treatment or reuse within pulp and paper mills, although Fenton processes (photo-Fenton particularly) have actually addressed better oxidative results (COD removal ≈ 65–75 %) at a lab scale, but still need further development at a large scale.
The present paper reveals results of research for cost-effective removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) contained in industrial paper mill effluent. Not only process efficiency but also wastewater ...treatment costs are discussed. Different pre-treatment processes are applied aiming to investigate the COD removal before discharge to the municipal sewage network. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal operating conditions for the coagulation process. The effects of key operational parameters, including the type of coagulant, initial pH, temperature and coagulant dose, on COD percentage removal were investigated. The laboratory experiments confirmed the high efficiency of chemically enhanced mechanical treatment towards COD. The data obtained show that even low dose of chemicals provides sufficient COD reduction. The initial pH of the wastewater had a significant impact on the COD removal. Under the optimal operational conditions (pH = 7.5, T = 18 °C) the treatment of wastewater from paper industries by coagulation has led to a reduction of 70% COD for wastewater discharged. In terms of the investigated paper industry wastewater, polyaluminium chloride appears to be most suitable for treatment of high COD concentration. However, in an economic evaluation of requirements for wastewater treatment, operating costs and associated saving were such that PAX was more favourable.
Discharged pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPMW) were collected near M/s K. R. pulp and papers Limited, Shahjahanpur, India. Chemical analysis of the wastewater showed high BOD (3653–4180 mg L
−1
) ...and COD (17,890–19100 mg L
−1
) values from two different sampling sites. The levels of total phenol were in the range of 389–432 mg L
−1
; nitrogen (125–234 mg L
−1
), sulfate (1926–2098 mg L
−1
), chloride (3.12–5.43 mg L
−1
) and lignin (38,950–39,000 mg L
−1
) along with various heavy metals (Fe, 87–79; Zn, 34–22; Cu, 3.28–2.57; Cd, 1.90–0.36; Ni, 6–5, and Pb, 41.23–36.54 mg L
−1
) were above the permissible limits recommended by the CPCB and the USEPA. The BOD/COD ratio was < 0.2 which indicated very low biodegradability of the organic matters present in the effluent. The organometallic complex generated from the pulp and paper industry persists in the environment and might be toxic to aquatic organisms. The organic polymers, lignin, metals and ions present in the PPMW were characterized using SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV–VIS spectroscopy. The major pollutants detected in the discharged PPMW included nonacosane, heptacosane, octadecanoic acid, hexadecane, and 6-benzamide- 3- 2- 1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl ethyl-1, 2-benzisoxazole, as well as a group of plant fatty acids classified as EDCs, and mutagenic pollutants. The cytotoxic and androgenic properties of these complex organics were examined. The seed germination test with
Phaseolus mungo
and cytotoxicity test with
Allium cepa
showed that at > 20% concentration of PPMW, α-amylase production was inhibited and chromosomal segregation at metaphase and anaphase during cell division was disturbed, which resulted in c-mitosis, sticky chromosomes, and laggard chromosomes. In addition, SEM of the root of
A. cepa
showed fissures and fractured tissues of the root cap, probably due to the inhibition of auxins that were responsible for root cap formation. The findings indicated
A. cepa
as a good test model for examining the DNA damage and cytotoxicity by PPMW, and the discharged effluent should be treated at a tertiary stage for environmental protection.
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