This study aims to determine the lipophilic component that affects the quality of pulp and paper products in wood of 10-year-old Anthocephalus cadamba (families 23, 11 and 6) and 5-year-old ...Anthocepalus macrophyllus (families 75, 85 and 2). The results showed that the main group of compounds that appeared frequently and were identified in the lipophilic fraction were fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids), fatty alcohols (eicosanol, heneicosanol and tetracosanol), sterols (β-sitosterol and campasterol), hydrocarbons (hexadecane, tricosene and cyclotetracosane), aldehydes, alongside minor amounts of triterpenoid. F11 and F2 can be promoted as raw materials for pulp and paper, while F6 and F75 are not recommended because of the high levels of lipids such as sterols, triterpenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols.
To overcome the human and animal survivability risk, sustainable development is the only option on earth that can be achieved through the maximum use of renewable environmental resources. Recycling ...of waste paper is an emerging waste management approach to conserve natural resources. Herein, we studied enzyme-mediated process to recycle the xerographic paper by using the crude fungal extract from indigenously isolated fungi identified as
Aspergillus assiutensis
. The fungal enzyme cocktail has been characterized for the production of multiple enzymes namely cellulase, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, and protease. All these enzymes have pH optima in the acidic range and except cellulase and all the enzymes are stable from 10 to 80 C. In the zymogram analysis, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, and cellulase were detected at 68 kDa, ~ 54 kDa, 38 kDa, and 30 kDa, respectively. Also, the presence of protease was confirmed by the clear zone at 68, 31, and 16 kDa. A 26% decrease in the kappa number and reduction in Hex A of the pulp was observed on the treatment of the pulp with enzyme as compared to the control pulp without any treatment. The physical and chemical properties of the pulp were also improved by enzyme-mediated pulping as compared to the control The physiochemical parameter of the effluent like TDS was reduced (397 ppm) significantly in comparison to chemical deinking process and it was within the permissible limit. BOD and alkalinity were reduced when the enzymes and chemical dosage were used in combination. These results indicate that chemi-enzymatic deinking is most promising to reduce or remove the pollution parameters including ink and this approach can be used in the paper and pulp industry for sustainable development.
•Biofuel production can reduce pulp and paper producers profit with 3 billion € p.a.•Production of 11.6 Mm3 biofuel can reduce the forest sectors profit with 1.8–2.2%.•Forest owner will benefit from ...forest-based biofuel production.•Biofuel productions increase the use of harvest residuals in the Nordic countries.
Forest-based biofuel is a promising solution to increase the share of renewable and sustainable energy in the transportation sector. Large-scale implementation of biofuel, however, not only affects the energy and transportation sectors, but also the forest sector value chains. This study uses a partial equilibrium forest sector model to quantify how large-scale production of forest-based biofuel would affect forest owners and forest industries in the Nordic countries. In a scenario assuming that forest-based biofuels cover a 0–40% share of the current Nordic road transportation and domestic aviation fuel consumption, the model results show that the sawmill industry increases their profit slightly due to increasing prices for their sawmilling residues. The traditional pulp and paper industries, on the other hand, see a reduced profit by up to 3.0 billion €, corresponding to 8% of their annual turnover, due to the increase in the price of pulpwood. Due to the increasing wood prices, the forest owners benefit significantly from biofuel investments. According to the model, their gross revenue from harvesting increases up to 31% without the need to increase the harvest more than 15%. The overall profit in the traditional forest sector is reduced by 400–600 million €. The decrease in profit is largest when the biofuel production volume covers 20%–30% of the liquid fuels in the Nordic countries. The reduction in overall profit is lower at 40% biofuel implementation, owing to the significant increase in revenue for the forest owner and the fact that the main reduction in pulp and paper industries happens at between 0% and 30% biofuel implementation. The study shows substantial economic spill-over effects from large-scale biofuel implementations to other parts of the forest sector.
Significant quantities of paper waste (PW) have been accumulated in recent years and the reuse/recycling of PW is required due to environmental concerns. In the present study, printed PW was used as ...a peat (P) substitute in growing medium for the Brassica seedlings production, considering recycling, sustainable agriculture, and partly peat replacement. Seeds of cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage were seeded in growing media made of 0–10–30–50% PW. The addition of PW improved the growing media pH and mineral content, reduced the media aeration, and affected seed emergence. The PW decreased plant growth and the effects were more pronounced at 50% PW. The PW ≥ 30% decreased stomatal conductance, while chlorophyll fluorescence and content of chlorophylls decreased with high PW ratio, negatively affecting the plant physiology. The PW decreased plant sodium and iron and increased potassium, calcium, magnesium, and copper content. The PW increased antioxidant activity to a certain degree for cauliflower and cabbage and resulted in no change for broccoli, while polyphenols increased in cabbage seedlings. The addition of PW did not cause cellular damage as both lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide production remained at low levels, maintaining low levels on the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) metabolism. The present study shows that low PW content can partially replace peat for Brassica seedling production under a sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly scheme.
Background and Sources: Lipase enzyme is a naturally occurring enzyme found in the stomach and pancreatic juice. Its function is to digest fats and lipids, helping to maintain correct gallbladder ...function. Lipase is the one such widely used and versatile enzyme. These enzymes are obtained from animals, plants and as well as from several microorganisms and are sufficiently stable. These are considered as nature's catalysts, but commercially, only microbial lipases are being used significantly. Applications: They found enormous application in the industries of fat and oil processing, oleochemical industry, food industry, detergents, pulp and paper industry, detergents, environment management, tea processing, biosensors and cosmetics and perfumery. Various recent patents related to lipases have been revised in this review. Conclusion: Lipases are very peculiar as they have the ability to hydrolyse fats into fatty acids and glycerols at the water-lipid interface and can reverse the reaction in non-aqueous media. This natural ability makes it the most widely used enzyme in various industrial applications. This article deals with the immense versatility of lipase enzymes along with the recent advancements done in the various fields related to their purification and mass production in industries.
Summary
A novel bioprocess design to convert paper mill sludge (PMS) to biofuels is proposed in this work. The design utilizes cellulosic fiber recovered from the PMS via optimized de‐ashing (HCl ...washing) step. This work specifically provided a technical and economic analysis of paper mill sludge conversion into biofuel production using a novel protocol. The protocol is based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to assess the quality of the contained cellulose prior to further processing. The results are crucially important to determine the suitability of the PMS feedstock to produce biofuels. SEM analysis was employed as a preliminary screening tool to evaluate sludge digestibility and conversion. The SEM characterization technique established a direct relationship between the fiber morphology, presence of crystals salts and sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis. Substantial structural changes were observed before and after de‐ashing the sludge samples, leading to a correlation between the surface morphology and the washing step. The results suggested that de‐ashing changes the surface morphology and upon analysis, increased the sugar yield up to about 86% as opposed to 2.2% in sludge sample A as an example. The PMS conversion into biofuel was simulated using Aspen PLUS and compared to a similar process using corn stover as feedstock. The simulation results showed it is 20% cheaper to produce bioethanol from PMS compared to corn stover. The simulation revealed less energy demand by around 13 320 MJ/h compared to that when corn stover was used.
Cost‐effective process of PMS conversion to bioethanol.
PMS characterization using scanning electron microscopy.
Evaluation of PMS suitability for post‐processing.
Superior new feedstock that competitive to the classical lignocellulosic ones.
The use of nanocelluloses as strength-enhancing additives in papermaking is widely known since both cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC) present similar composition than paper but their ...exceptional properties in the nanometer scale confers a paper quality enhancement. However, some agglomeration problems in CNF and CNC through hydrogen bonding cause a lower improvement of mechanical properties of paper. Therefore, a better dispersion of both nanocelluloses can maximize their effect on paper properties, thus reducing the needed dose to get the same increment in tensile strength and then reducing material costs. To ease the implementation of these nanocelluloses in the production process of recycled paper, typically used operations of these industries have been used. Among them, those devoted to improve the homogeneous mixture of nanocellulose in the pulp suspension have been assessed. Firstly, pulping conditions were studied, including pulping time, temperature and need for soaking as variables. Secondly, some dispersing agents used in papermaking were considered, studying the effect of different types and doses. The highest tensile strength of paper was achieved by applying long pulping times (60 min), getting increments up to 30% with the use of soaking and polyacrylamide as retention system. However, with the use of a low dose of a dispersing agent (0.003%), tensile index can be still increased up to 20.6% avoiding these long times. This study can be of great interest of those researchers trying to implement the use of nanocelluloses as strength additive in papermaking.
► The European pulp and paper industry is a large energy consumer and producer. ► We analyse differences in energy conversion strategies throughout Europe. ► We take into account energy efficiency, ...carbon footprint and energy costs. ► Bio-based conversion strategies are most promising for Polish and Swedish industry. ► Dutch paper industry would benefit most from an increase in energy efficiency.
The pulp and paper industry both uses and produces large amounts of energy and rising fuel prices bring along significant challenges to the sector. Several strategies can be applied in order to remain competitive e.g. an increase in energy efficiency, a switch in fuel and/or a novel energy conversion technology. In this study, we investigate if improved energy conversion strategies can reduce energy costs, primary energy use and CO2 emissions of paper mills within different European countries (The Netherlands, Poland and Sweden). Our results show that differences in history and availability of resources has led to different conversion strategies in the three countries. We found that a natural gas combined cycle, which is largely implemented in The Netherlands due to long term domestic availability of natural gas, has the lowest primary energy demand. Due to a long history of low electricity prices, CHP has not been common in Sweden. Many Swedish mills use biomass as an energy source and due to low CO2 emissions of the national grid the CO2 emission profile of the Swedish paper industry is very low. Our results imply that future conversion routes for the Swedish paper and board industry are again wood based; in case of increasing electricity prices these would be biomass gasification based CHP solutions. With a reduction of 800kg CO2/ton paper on average, a switch from coal to biomass would reduce CO2 emissions in the Polish pulp and paper industry with approximately 0.6Mton/year. A carbon price of 20–25€/ton would, according to our results, be enough to provoke this switch. Due to the high share of natural gas, the CO2 emission reduction potential of the Dutch paper industry (1.5Mton/year) is even larger than in Poland. Due to high biomass prices and relative low CO2 emission profile of natural gas, a carbon prices of more than 60€/ton CO2 would be needed to provoke a switch in The Netherlands. Provided with few alternatives, the most effective strategy in The Netherlands would be an increase in energy efficiency.
In most cases, the bridge columns are underwater, and there is a risk of corrosion. The columns of marine structures and docks also include such problems. In addition to the problem of environmental ...hazards, the bridge columns may fail due to design problems or increasing needs. The use of waterproof concrete materials as a jacket can have a role in increasing the life of bridges. Studies in recent years show that some waste from paper industries can be used in the construction industry. In the present study, several concrete stub columns were built as bridge columns and retrofitted with concrete jackets containing waste paper sludge ash, silica nanoparticles, aluminium oxide nanoparticles, and acrylic resin. The variables included the geometric shape of the column (square and circular) and the type of nanoparticles used in the jackets (silica and aluminium oxide nanoparticles), and the curing environment of the columns (normal and sulfate environments). The combined use of nanomaterials and waste paper ash is the most important novelty of the present study. The axial loading test was performed on the columns, and the load-deflection diagrams were obtained. The ductility, stiffness, load-bearing capacity, and crack distribution were among the parameters that were used to compare different modes. The proposed jackets increased the carrying capacity by 10 to 38%, depending on the processing curing environment and the type of nanoparticles. The combined use of aluminium oxide nanoparticles and waste paper ash can improve compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths and increase the axial load capacity of bridge columns. The proposed concrete jacket effectively reduces the corrosion of concrete and steel reinforcement and improves the bridge’s useful life.
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