Intelligent and efficient parking solutions Miksikova, S; Kuda, F; Steinova, I
IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science,
11/2021, Letnik:
900, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The high demand for mobility around the world means a constant increase in road traffic and a deterioration in parking spaces. The paper focuses on the issue of automatic parking systems in ...the Czech Republic. It defines automatic parking, functionality and also informs about the possibility of using BIM. It describes in detail the systems located in the city of Ostrava.
Scanning the Issue Ioannou, Petros
IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems,
01/2017, Letnik:
18, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A Survey of Smart Parking Solutions T. Lin, H. Rivano, and F. Le Mouël Smart parking is a major and costly issue in the largest cities. This survey covers the parking literature over the period ...2000–2016 by focusing on research approaches, technological evolutions, and engineering developments of smart parking solutions. It introduces the smart parking ecosystem and proposes a comprehensive and thoughtful classification by identifying different functionalities and problematic interests. Three macrothemes are elaborated: information collection, system deployment, and service dissemination. In each macrotheme, the main methodologies used in existing works are synthesized to bring out their common goals and visions. Authors give engineering insights to highlight current smart parking challenges and open issues and, finally, extend the scope and provide recommendations for future research on Smart Cities and the Internet architecture.
Spillover parking Olus Inan, Murat; Inci, Eren; Robin Lindsey, C.
Transportation research. Part B: methodological,
07/2019, Letnik:
125
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•We study spillover parking generated by a retailer with market power such as a mall.•Customers park at the mall, park on the street, or visit the mall on foot.•We compare four policies to deal with ...spillover parking congestion.•On-street parking fees or bans, and mall parking fee or capacity regulation.•We also analyze the benefits of implementing pairs of policies.
Parking space near popular destinations is often scarce or expensive. Instead, visitors may park in adjoining locales where they impede through traffic, take parking space from other users, and create environmental externalities. We develop a model to study spillover parking generated by a major retailer (e.g., a mall) that provides limited on-site parking. Some customers park at the mall, some park on the street, and others who live or work nearby visit the mall on foot. The retailer chooses its parking lot capacity, the parking fee, and the retail markup. We compare the effectiveness of four policies for dealing with spillover parking: on-street parking fees, on-street parking bans (aka residential parking permits), regulating mall parking fees, and regulating mall parking capacity (aka minimum/maximum parking requirements). Policy effectiveness depends on the severity of congestion, the amount of mall shopping by local and nonlocal shoppers, and the mall’s market power. A curbside parking ban is harmful unless congestion is severe. If the mall has no market power, both on-street parking fees and mall parking fee regulation can support the social optimum, whereas mall parking lot capacity regulation is useless. In contrast, if the mall has substantial market power, capacity regulation in the form of a minimum parking requirement can be the most effective policy. The benefits of implementing pairs of policies can be larger, or smaller, than the sum of the benefits from applying them individually.
The external cruising costs of parking Inci, Eren; van Ommeren, Jos; Kobus, Martijn
Journal of economic geography,
11/2017, Letnik:
17, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Existing work emphasizes the importance of traffic congestion externalities, but typically ignores cruising-for-parking externalities. We estimate the marginal external cruising costs of parking—that ...is, the time costs that an additional parked car imposes on drivers by inducing them to cruise for parking—which is one of the main components of cruising-for-parking externalities. The level of cruising is identified by examining to what extent the car inflow rate into a parking location falls with parking occupancy level. For a commercial street in Istanbul, we demonstrate that a marginal car parking for an hour induces 3.6 other cars to cruise for parking. This translates into an external cruising cost that is in the same order of magnitude with the external traffic congestion cost created by the trip.
Parking in dense urban areas is a major challenge for last mile logistics. Parking shortage and policies that do not address commercial vehicles' needs often lead these vehicles to park illegally. ...This paper conducts a scoping literature review on the parking behaviours of commercial freight and service vehicles, methods used to model these behaviours, and factors that determine their outcomes. Thirty-four studies are included in the review. It is found that commercial vehicles' parking behaviours mainly comprise parking location and type choices including illegal parking, parking duration, and parking cruising. Methods used to model these behaviours primarily include discrete-choice modelling, regression analysis, survival analysis and simulation. We identify key knowledge gaps and provide insights on research opportunities in modelling more complex parking decisions, investigating parking cruising of commercial vehicles, evaluating the implications of freight demand management, and developing data fusion techniques.
•We estimate the marginal external cost distribution of parking over time and space.•This allows cities to evaluate their parking policy from a welfare perspective.•Given an optimal parking policy, ...the cost of the parking supply is self-financing.
Practitioners need to know the level of cruising for parking when designing parking policies. Existing methodologies, such as counting, experiments, and survey, are either too expensive or infeasible to be undertaken on a large scale. Inci et al. (2017) introduce an instrumental-variables-based econometric methodology using administrative data to estimate the average level of cruising when parking is close to full occupancy. This paper introduces a novel methodology to estimate the marginal external cruising time (and thus cost) across time and space. Our methodology is easier to implement, requires even less data, estimates the whole distribution rather than the average, and does not require parking to be near full occupancy. It also allows for welfare evaluations of parking fees and supply. To illustrate all these, we apply our methodology to Melbourne, which generates rich policy insights. We also apply it to the same dataset that Inci et al. (2017) use for Istanbul and find consistent results, rendering confidence to both methodologies.
•Find conditions under which Intelligent Parking Services (IPS) can reduce cruising.•Consider parking and traffic dynamics to estimate impact of IPS.•Identify causes of cruising-for-parking, and ...quantify their impact.•Illustrate model with empirical case study from the city of Zurich.
Intelligent parking services (IPS) use modern technology to help travelers find parking. Local authorities also recognize IPS as the new solution to reduce cruising-for-parking in urban areas. While many cities are considering to invest in the system, the potential of IPS in reducing cruising is often unknown. This makes it very difficult to assess the investment and evaluate the performance of IPS.
This paper provides a generalized methodology to evaluate the potential cruising time savings generated by using IPS. Based on probability theory and a macroscopic parking model, the cruising conditions with and without IPS are emulated. By comparing these two sets of conditions, the total cruising time savings can then be estimated. The model requires very few data inputs; the main inputs being the parking occupancy and the number of cruising vehicles over time. To illustrate the methodology, an application example based on an area within the city of Zurich, Switzerland, is provided. It is shown that, in this small downtown area (0.28 km2), IPS can save up to 15.6 h of cruising time (17%) in a typical working day.
The authors hope that this study can be used to establish a systematic tool for IPS evaluation. The use of such a tool could further support practitioners’ decisions on parking management.
Evaluating the effectiveness of parking policies to relieve parking demand pressure in central areas and to reduce car use requires an investigation of traveler responses to different parking ...attributes, including the money and time costs associated with parking. Existing parking studies on this topic are inadequate in two ways. First, few studies have modeled parking choice and mode choice simultaneously, thus ignoring the interaction between these two choice realms. Second, existing studies of travel choice behavior have largely focused on the money cost of parking while giving less attention to non-price-related variables such as parking search time and egress time from parking lot to destination. To address these issues, this paper calibrates a joint model of travel mode and parking location choice, using revealed-preference survey data on commuters to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, a large university campus. Key policy variables examined include parking cost, parking search time, and egress time. A comparison of elasticity estimates suggested that travelers were very sensitive to changes in egress time, even more so than parking cost, but they were less sensitive to changes in search time. Travelers responded to parking policies primarily by shifting parking locations rather than switching travel mode. Finally, our policy simulation results imply some synergistic effects between policy measures; that is, when pricing and policy measures that reduce search and egress time are combined, they shape parking demand more than the sum of their individual effects if implemented in isolation.
•This paper calibrates a joint model of travel mode and parking location choice.•Travelers are very sensitive to changes in egress time, even more so than parking price.•Travelers respond to parking policies primarily by shifting parking locations rather than switching travel mode.•There are synergistic effects between parking pricing and policy measures that reduce search and egress time.
A parking sharing strategy is proposed to solve the problems of parking difficulty caused by the imbalance between parking spaces and parking demand. The vacant parking spaces of residential area can ...be efficiently utilized to meet the parking demands of those who are working at nearby or come for other activities based on the parking sharing strategy. The paper analyzes the distribution of vehicle arrival numbers and parking durations, then establishes a shared parking allocation model aiming to maximize the parking benefit considering the overtime-parking behavior of the parking users. Simulation methods are used to the analyze the relationship among the parking benefit, proportion of reserved parking, numbers of parking demand, acceptance rate of parking demand and utilization of shared parking spaces. Then, based on the principle of maximum parking benefit, we can determine the optimal proportion of reserved parking, number of shared parking spaces that should be purchased from the residents. Taking the utilization of shared parking spaces as an indicator, the validity of the static allocation principle is proved to be effective. Some allocation rules for parking demand are proposed to guarantees the maximum parking revenue and minimum impact on residents simultaneously.
The technique to forecast available parking spaces (APSs) is the foundation theory of parking guidance information systems (PGISs). This study utilises data collected on parking availability at ...several off-street parking garages in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, to investigate the changing characteristics of APS. Using these baseline data the research reported here aims to build up a short-term APS forecasting model and applies the wavelet neural network (WNN) method to the PGIS problem. After selecting optimal preferences, including training set size, delay time and embedding dimension, the APS short-term forecasting model based on WNN is built and tested using the real-world dataset. By experimental tests conducted using the same dataset, WNN's prediction performance is compared with the largest Lyapunov exponents (LEs) method in the aspects of accuracy, efficiency and robustness. It is found that WNN prevails through a more efficient structure and employs, barely half of the computational cost compared to the largest LEs method, which could be significant if applied to real-time operation. Moreover, WNN enjoys a more accurate performance, for its prediction average mean square error (MSE) is 6.4 ± 3.1 (in a parking building with 492 parking lots) for workdays and 8.5 ± 6.2 for weekends, compared to the MSE of largest LEs method, 18.7 and 29.0, respectively.
PDF
