An IoT Based Smart Parking System Chandran, Mehala; Fadila Mahrom, Nur; Sabapathy, Thennarasan ...
Journal of physics. Conference series,
12/2019, Letnik:
1339, Številka:
1
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In the past, there have been many works done on smart parking system approaching an even smarter system in where researches have been done and still being done to create a system which is not ...technologically savvy but also at ease. This paper proposes a design of smart parking system where it helps the users to reserve parking slots using Android application. This project is aimed to create a system that helps people with personal vehicles to find for parking easily at selected areas. Both software and hardware platform have been developed in this system.
This study introduces the concept of space preferences to enhance the operation of recurrent-users car parking systems. On campus, at KFUPM, several parking buildings are available for students, ...employees, and faculty. Still, substantial amount of time is wasted just looking for a suitable parking space. The authors propose to enrol all users together with their top ranked preferred parking spots and pedestrian exit of choice. Upon presentation of the user ID card, the system retrieves their preferences, matches them to the updated database of vacant spots, then directs the user to their topmost vacant parking spot. The system directs the user to the nearest parking building if no vacancy. Two options have been evaluated to detect parking vacancies: one is based on ultrasonic sensors and the second uses a set of cameras. The sensor-based system was built around an Arduino platform paired with a wireless channel for communication. For the camera-based system, the authors introduce a new set of features mixing both edge and texture information from the parking spot images. A performance analysis of both systems was carried showing that the sensor-based implementation outperforms the camera-based one for the authors’ specific application with an accuracy of 100 and 98%, respectively.
•We present a robust image dataset for parking space classification.•We evaluate textural-based descriptors for parking space detection.•Classifiers are evaluated on different parking ...lots.•Classifiers are evaluated on parking lots that were used for training.
Outdoor parking lot vacancy detection systems have attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade due the large number of practical applications. However, a common problem that researchers in this field very often face is the lack of a representative dataset to perform their experiments. To mitigate this difficulty, in this paper we introduce a new parking lot dataset composed of 695,899 images captured from two parking lots with three different camera views. The acquisition protocol allows obtaining static images showing illumination variance related to sunny, overcast and rainy days. We believe that researchers will find this dataset a very useful tool since it allows future benchmarking and evaluation. The dataset is currently available for research purposes upon request. To gain a better insight into this dataset we have evaluated two textural descriptors, Local Binary Patterns and Local Phase Quantization, with a Support Vector Machine classifier to detect parking lot vacancy. In the experiments where the same view was used for both training and testing, we have reached outstanding recognition rates, greater than 99%. The main challenge, though, lies in building a general classifier that is able to detect parking spaces from the parking lots that were not used for training. In this sense, the best result achieved by the texture-based classifier was about 89%. The observed drop in terms of performance shows that additional investigation is necessary to create classification schemes less dependent on the training set. Other researchers can use these results as a baseline performance when testing their own algorithms on this dataset.
•We evaluate the impacts of San Francisco’s parking experiment, SFpark.•We develop methods to infer cruising and the probability that a driver finds a space.•SFpark is slowly achieving its goal of ...moving occupancy into a target range of 60–80%.•SFpark has reduced cruising for parking by about 50%.
The city of San Francisco is undertaking a large-scale controlled parking pricing experiment. San Francisco has adopted a performance goal of 60–80% occupancy for its metered parking. The goal represents an heuristic performance measure intended to reduce double parking and cruising for parking, and improve the driver experience; it follows a wave of academic and policy literature that calls for adjusting on-street parking prices to achieve similar occupancy targets. In this paper, we evaluate the relationship between occupancy rules and metrics of direct policy interest, such as the probability of finding a parking space and the amount of cruising. We show how cruising and arrival rates can be simulated or estimated from hourly occupancy data. Further, we evaluate the impacts of the first two years of the San Francisco program, and conclude that rate changes have helped achieve the City’s occupancy goal and reduced cruising by 50%.
•This paper models the parking sharing problem with spatially distributed parking supplies.•This paper studies the parking choice equilibrium of travelers.•This paper examines the pricing strategies ...of a revenue-maximizing operator.•This paper examines the pricing strategies of a social-cost-minimizing operator.
This study models and manages the parking sharing problem in urban cities, where private parking owners can share their vacant spaces to parking users via a parking sharing platform. The proposed model takes into account the spatial dimension of parking, where clusters of curbside spaces and private shareable ones are distributed over different locations. On the supply side, private parking owners can “sell the right-of-use” of their spaces to the platform based on the rent they can receive and the inconvenience they would experience due to sharing. On the demand side, travelers make their parking choices of space type (curbside or shared) and location under given parking capacities and prices. The resulting parking choice equilibrium is formulated as a minimization problem and several properties of the equilibrium are identified and discussed. The platform operator’s pricing strategy, i.e., rent paid to space owners and price charged on space users, can significantly affect the private parking owners’ sharing decisions and the choice equilibrium of parking users. In this context, we examine the platform operator’s optimal pricing strategies for revenue-maximization or social-cost-minimization. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the models and results and to provide further insights.
Parking problems caused by a lack of parking spaces have exacerbated traffic congestion and worsened environmental pollution. An analysis of the cruising process for parking can provide new ...perspectives to reduce cruising. Based on a parking survey conducted in Beijing, the authors collected a large amount of trajectory data of cruising vehicles. Then, fluctuation indexes of trajectories were proposed to analyse travellers’ cruising processes for parking. The spectral clustering method based on a hidden Markov model (HMM) was used to recognise the cruising trajectories. The recognition performance for three-dimensional trajectory data is better. Cruising trajectories for Clusters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 have large fluctuations and a weightier effect on road traffic. These groups can be taken as target groups for intelligent parking guidance and recommendations. The recognition accuracies for parking location and parking status increase with increasing intercepted trajectory lengths. 150 m from far to near the desired destination can be used as a threshold of the cruising trajectory length to accurately predict travellers’ parking location and status. These research results can be applied in intelligent parking systems to dynamically predict parking situations, formulate parking guidance schemes and information release strategies, and improve parking efficiency.
Smart parking system (SPS) needs parking status information to support its reliable and efficient operation. The magnetometer-based wireless parking sensors (WPSs) have the advantage of low cost and ...convenient installation, leading to their widespread application in urban exterior parking spaces. However, the signature of magnetic signals can be interfered with by neighboring vehicles. Hence, an impedance and magnetometer-based parking detection (IMPD) solution is proposed in the article, and the impedance characteristics of the antenna and its auxiliary radio frequency (RF) circuit that are susceptible to vehicles composed of metal have been introduced into existing magnetometer-based parking detectors to address the inaccuracy of magnetic signatures affected by adjacent vehicle. In the solution, the value of the wireless transceiver's built-in receiving signal strength and adjustable power amplifier units are used to achieve low-cost impedance measurement. Then, the signature of magnetic signals is fused with that of received signal strength (RSS) patterns to achieve parking detection. Finally, the proposed solution has been evaluated in a parking space, and experiments show that the detection accuracy is up to 99.79%. Compared with the existing multisource fusion parking detection methods, the proposed IMPD method has a higher cost-performance ratio and is suitable for large-scale application and promotion in SPSs.
Downtown curbside parking capacity Arnott, Richard; Inci, Eren; Rowse, John
Journal of urban economics,
03/2015, Letnik:
86
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Current debates on downtown parking policy have been concentrating on downtown parking pricing, while overlooking downtown parking capacity. This paper focuses on how much curbside to allocate to ...parking when the private sector provides garage parking. In the first-best optimum, no cruising for parking occurs, and only curbside parking is provided when demand is low relative to street capacity, both curbside parking and garage parking are provided when demand in intermediate, and only garage parking is provided when demand is high. In the second-best optimum where curbside parking is underpriced, cruising for parking occurs only when both curbside and garage parking are both present. As the fee differential between garage and curbside parking increases, cruising for parking becomes more severe, and the range of demand levels over which curbside and garage parking are both present shrinks and eventually disappears.
With the development of autonomous vehicle, the autonomous valet parking has been attracting extensive attention, by relieving users’ inconvenience from parking. Compared with shortrange autonomous ...valet parking, long-range autonomous valet parking extends parking features with bridge of long-range travelling and parking in a user-friendly cycle. However, due to the uncertainty of trip routes, the performance of single reservation mechanism on parking lot status prediction is limited. Besides, unified parking pricing intensifies parking competition and causes local congestion. Therefore, we propose a long-range autonomous valet parking framework based on Two-step Reservation Mechanism. The proposed scheme provides the first reservation service before arriving at Drop-off spots (regular step), so as to anticipate parking demand of parking lot. Then, it provides the second reservation service when arriving at Drop-off spots (extra step) for updating the optimality of parking decision. The future parking lot status can be predicted with the impact of concurrent requests and reservation execution probability. Meanwhile, we propose a heterogeneous pricing strategy, in which the parking lots with higher parking demands would be adjusted with higher prices. Simulation results show that our scheme outperforms literature works on reducing parking cost and balancing parking demand.
•A long-range autonomous valet parking service is introduced.•The parking experience is improved through two-step reservation service and parking cost estimation.•Heterogeneous initial parking pricing is applied to balance parking demand.
A land use policy shift is taking place in a growing number of cities regarding parking, whereby a conventional supplymanagement approach is being replaced with a parking management approach. As part ...of this policy shift, manycities are lowering their parking requirements. This study analysed changes in car use, car ownership, spatial parkingpatterns and the consequences for the everyday life of residents in a housing area with a relatively restrictive parkingrequirement in Gothenburg, the second largest city in Sweden. The housing area, a concrete example of howlowering parking requirements can be used to achieve targets on reduced car use and sustainable urbandevelopment, is used to discuss how parking policy should be applied to achieve the desired effect. The results showthat the consequences of the restrictive requirement was paradoxically small in the study area. In practice, therequirement did not result in a decrease in the number of parking spaces, because e.g. of access to parking inneighbouring residential areas. This shows how important it is to adopt a holistic approach in parking policy, by e.g.introducing more restrictive parking requirements in parallel with other measures, such as raising parking charges anddecreasing the number of public parking spaces. It also shows that planning of parking must be coordinated with otherurban planning functions. Otherwise, the actual contribution of a shift in parking policy to the development of a moreenvironmentally friendly transport system and city risks being small, despite lower parking requirements.
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