•Novel truthful double auction mechanisms for shared parking management.•Modified slot allocation rule considering parking time assignment.•Vickrey–Clarke–Groves based price transaction payment rule ...in the parking slot allocation.•MBC-PM auction mechanism yields higher social welfare and brings more budget surplus.•BC-PM auction mechanism induces more participants’ utilities and can maintain strict lexicographic allocation order.
Considering a parking platform with multiple slot demanders and multiple slot suppliers, this paper addresses two truthful double auction mechanisms for shared parking problem, where the demanders targeted by the proposed mechanisms are with flexible schedules and for non-work activities, and the suppliers are with the typical daily ‘driving go out early and come back at dusk’ pattern. To provide flexible match schemes and increase the trading scale, we allow “all-or-nothing” principle for demanders and “one-to-many” principle for suppliers. Based on the parking slot allocation rule and the transaction payment rule, we first relax the single output restriction (suppliers can only submit bids on a single unit of one commodity) and propose a “demander competition padding method (DC-PM)” auction mechanism, which is used to solve potential budget deficit. To avoid the likely distorted social welfare resulted by the DC-PM auction mechanism and to add budget surplus, we further modify the parking slot allocation rule and the transaction payment rule in the DC-PM auction mechanism, and propose a “modified demander competition padding method (MDC-PM)” auction mechanism. Three economical properties of both auction mechanisms, i.e. incentive compatibility, individual rationality and budget balance, are proved. Numerical experiments show that the proposed two auction mechanisms can realize asymptotic efficiency as both demanders and suppliers approach infinity. Moreover, the DC-PM auction mechanism is superior to the MDC-PM auction mechanism with respect to participants’ utilities and can maintain the strict lexicographic allocation order, and the MDC-PM auction mechanism outperforms the DC-PM auction mechanism in terms of welfare efficiency and platform's payoff. Issues of managerial implications for shared parking problem are further discussed in this paper.
According to the vehicle dynamics model and the requirements of reliable safety and minimal time, the path planning problem of parking in different types of parking spaces is solved by obstacle ...avoidance analysis and motion analysis in the case of the optimal solution, and the parking trajectory from the initial position to the designated parking space is obtained. In the static situation, different parking spaces in the parking space are occupied; analyze the parking space type, parking space left and right occupancy situation, and the distance between the vacant parking space and the starting point location of unoccupied cars; and establish the attribute information matrix R0 of the vacant parking space and calculate the KMO value of the matrix R0. This is completed to determine the weak correlation between the attributes of the vacant parking space and use the matrix R0 as the original evaluation matrix of the entropy weight method, using the entropy weight method to calculate the three attributes of parking space type, parking space left and right occupancy situation, and distance between starting point and parking space. These results are weighted in the optimal parking space selection process, the difficulty score of the vacant parking space is determined, and the optimal parking space is determined through the ranking of the scores. In the dynamic case, the number of parking spaces and parking space usage will change over time, with the help of the Bayesian network, the existing parking spaces and number of spaces in the parking lot at the previous moment are learned according to the computer clock, which can be used to reason about the number of parking spaces and parking space availability in the parking lot at the next moment. The weights of the three attributes of parking space type, parking space left and right situation, and distance between the starting point and parking space are updated in the case of a dynamic change of parking space, and then the parking difficulty score of a new vacant parking space using the entropy weight method is used to select the optimal parking space in the dynamic situation. The optimized parking path planning and parking space selection method could contribute to enhancing parking efficiency for the sustainable management of indoor parking lots.
•The time-varying effect of pricing on on-street parking behavior is investigated.•Field-collected panel data over four time periods is used.•Parking duration decreases as parking price ...increases.•The elasticity of parking turnover fluctuates during the study period.
Parking pricing is considered a powerful tool for improving parking management and relieving traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. This study uses field-collected panel data over four time periods before and after the implementation of a new parking pricing policy in Nanning to investigate the time-varying effect of pricing on on-street parking characteristics, including parking duration and parking turnover. Results show that parking duration decreases as parking price increases, with the relationship presenting a growing elasticity. The elasticity of parking turnover fluctuates due perhaps to the influence of vehicle ownership. Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) tests show that on-street parking characteristics differ significantly before and after the implementation of a new parking pricing structure. Strategies that can improve parking services are also investigated based on the empirical data and modeling results.
Parking lot allocation problem has received much attention in recent years. There have been various works in the literature that target the parking slot allocation problem. However, most of these ...works use algorithms that run on centralized servers and are based on some predictions on historical data. Due to the dynamic nature of vehicular networks, the accuracy of such prediction models is not high which ends up in a chaotic situation for the parking lot owners as well as the vehicle owners. Therefore, a distributed Parking slot Allocation Framework based on Adaptive Pricing Algorithm and Virtual Voting is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is based on virtual voting and hashgraph consensus algorithm. Using the model, all users and parking lot owners can easily come to consensus finality about the allocation of a parking slot with the use of minimal bandwidth. The proposed model provides a fair, fast and cost-optimal parking slot allocation method. The perfect ordering of allocation requests is also maintained based on consensus timestamp. Further, an adaptive pricing model is proposed to enhance the overall revenue of the parking lot owners and comfort of the users. The proposed model is deterministic and can reduce the average parking cost and time. Performance evaluations reveal that the proposed model outperforms its counterparts in terms of accurate parking slot allocation, reduced cost and parking lot resource utilization.
Even though many public parking lots are located underground and indoors, most existing automatic parking space detection and tracking methods have difficulty handling such scenarios due to severe ...illumination and complex obstacle conditions. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a method that detects and tracks parking spaces in underground and indoor environments by fusing sensors already mounted on mass produced vehicles. The proposed detection method finds parking spaces based on a high-level fusion of two complementary approaches: parking slot marking-based and free space-based. Parking slots are detected by estimating parallel line pairs and free spaces are detected by recognizing the positions of parked vehicles as well as pillars. The proposed tracking method enhances the previous method by considering pillar information. Since pillars degrade parking slot tracking performance, this method estimates a pillar region and utilizes it to remove false edges and to estimate the amount of occlusion.
This study was conducted in 2007–2009 as the IATSS Research Project to consider the comfort and safety of city centers in the automobile age from the perspective of “parking places.”
We focused on ...four elements related to parking places, that is, 3D & M (density, disposition, design, and management) and proposed changes to parking policy in Japan by comparing and analyzing the actual conditions of parking lots or facilities in different city centers and legal systems in several counties, including Japan, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
The key concept of our proposal is that we should shift the policy of parking from equipment-duty car-parking “on-site” to parking installation”in-area,“good management, and smart operation.
The findings of this project were widely shared through open symposium with non-members of the IATSS as well as book publication and led to many system revisions in the Japanese parking policies.
•IATSS Research Project on Parking conducted in 2007–2009.•We compared and analyzed the actual conditions of parking places in various city centers and legal systems on parking.•We analyzed “3D & M" (Density, Disposition, Design and Management) on parking places.•Proposed revisions on Japanese parking policy.
•Morning commute problem with parking is studied in many-to-one network in an AV future.•Multiple parking options (CBD parking, home parking, and shared parking) are considered.•The behaviours of AV ...commuters as both parking users and suppliers are examined.•Parking prioritization of AV commuters is investigated.•Appropriate CBD parking provision and differentiated pricing alleviate total bottleneck congestion.
Due to the confined span of parking location choice for human-driven vehicles (HVs), the spatiotemporal imbalance in parking space utilization has always been a challenging problem in many major cities, leading to a substantial waste of precious land resources. However, in the era of autonomous vehicles (AVs) with parking autonomy, there are more alternative parking options available as AV can park at more distant locations away from the trip maker’s destination. This paper aims to investigate the morning commute problem with consideration of AV commuters’ distant parking choices in a many-to-one network. Parking sharing scheme is explicitly considered, wherein AV travellers can choose to park at city centre at public parking facilities and then lease their own parking space out, park at home, or park at a shared parking space. We first examine how AV commuters in different residential clusters prioritize their parking location choices, as well as their willingness to share the vacant parking space. Then, we investigate the travellers’ trip timing decisions and determine the resultant equilibrium travel pattern. Without other dynamic managing schemes, the model results indicate that appropriate CBD parking supply, together with differentiated parking charges/subsidy, can reduce the total queueing congestion significantly, yet at the cost of higher total travel cost.
•The smart parking guidance algorithm which considers dynamic circumstances of parking facilities in a city.•The heuristic parking guidance algorithm based on dispatching rules.•The validation of the ...proposed algorithm is performed by the simulation tests.•The proposed algorithm can improve performance measures such as driving duration and time.•The proposed algorithm enables car drivers to find the most appropriate parking lot and reduce redundant time and energy.
Parking problem becomes one of major issues in the city transportation management since the spatial resource of a city is limited and the parking cost is expensive. Lots of cars on the road should spend unnecessary time and consume energy during searching for parking due to limited parking space. To cope with these limitations and give more intelligent solutions to drivers in the selection of parking facility, this study proposes a smart parking guidance algorithm. The proposed algorithm supports drivers to find the most appropriate parking facility considering real-time status of parking facilities in a city. To suggest the most suitable parking facility, several factors such as driving distance to the guided parking facility, walking distance from the guided parking facility to destination, expected parking cost, and traffic congestion due to parking guidance, are considered in the proposed algorithm. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulation tests have been carried out. The proposed algorithm helps to maximize the utilization of space resources of a city, and reduce unnecessary energy consumption and CO2 emission of wandering cars since it is designed to control the utilization of parking facility efficiently and reduce traffic congestion due to parking space search.
Parking a vehicle in traffic dense environments often leads to excess time of driving in search for free space which leads to congestions and environmental pollution. Lack of guidance information to ...vacant parking spaces is one reason for inefficient parking behaviour. Smart parking sensors and technologies facilitate guidance of drivers to free parking spaces thereby improving parking efficiency. Currently, no such sensors or technologies is in use for open parking lot. This study reviews the literature on the usage of smart parking sensors, technologies, applications and evaluates their applicability to open parking lots. Magnetometers, ultrasonic sensors and machine vision were few of the widely used sensors and technologies on closed parking lots. However, this study suggests a combination of machine vision, convolutional neural network or multi-agent systems suitable for open parking lots due to less expenditure and resistance to varied environmental conditions. Few smart parking applications show drivers the location of common open parking lots. No application provided real-time parking occupancy information, which is a necessity to guide them along the shortest route to free space. To develop smart parking applications for open parking lots, further research is needed in the fields of deep learning and multi-agent systems.
Due to the issues of land redevelopment and changes of use within urban areas, many cities must adopt measures to reorganise and optimise parking space. This paper proposes a methodology to study one ...of them by implementing parking information systems (PIS). This solution offers users a competitive advantage by allowing them to know about the free parking spaces at the moment of decision-making. To achieve this goal, microscopic simulations are conducted to analyse the effects of various scenarios involving the implementation of PIS. The data used in these simulations is obtained from the Santander area in Spain. For the evaluation of results, a methodology has been developed that combines the evaluation of social factors for citizens and operational impacts for decision-makers. The results show significant improvements with increasing user information rate, e.g., the number of unsuccessful parking attempts before finding a final parking space is reduced by 55%, and 37% less particulate pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere.
