•Investigate a commuting problem in a bi-modal transportation network with public parking spots and shared private parking spots.•Derive a mixed user equilibrium model in terms of departure time, ...mode, and parking choice under public parking spot restraints.•Propose three management models by optimizing the public parking fee and public parking spot provision.
Shared private parking spots (SPPSs) are believed to play a crucial role in balancing the surging parking demand and further alleviating the parking pressure of public carparks. Previous relevant studies mainly focused on public parking spot management without consideration of SPPSs. Additionally, limited attention has been paid to the competitive behavior of parking options between two markets in traffic dynamic analysis in the literature. This paper investigates the parking supply and pricing strategies for a linear urban transportation network with both public and shared private parking spots. Firstly, we derive a user equilibrium in terms of departure time and mode-and-parking choice, with sufficient public parking spot provision. Secondly, we explore how the lack of public parking spots pushes some commuters to rent SPPSs and develop a mixed user equilibrium with an internal balance between SPPSs’ market demand and supply in case of inadequate public parking spots. Then, we further investigate how public parking spot provision and public parking fees affect commuters’ mode choice and departure time choice. Thirdly, we propose three management schemes: optimal public parking fee, optimal public parking spot provision, and joint optimization of public parking fee and public parking spot provision. Numerical results show that setting a proper public parking fee and providing sufficient public parking spot provision can effectively reduce total system cost. Moreover, the joint optimization scheme can further enhance the system performance in comparison to the other two management schemes.
•Morning commute problem with parking is studied in many-to-one network in an AV future.•Multiple parking options (CBD parking, home parking, and shared parking) are considered.•The behaviours of AV ...commuters as both parking users and suppliers are examined.•Parking prioritization of AV commuters is investigated.•Appropriate CBD parking provision and differentiated pricing alleviate total bottleneck congestion.
Due to the confined span of parking location choice for human-driven vehicles (HVs), the spatiotemporal imbalance in parking space utilization has always been a challenging problem in many major cities, leading to a substantial waste of precious land resources. However, in the era of autonomous vehicles (AVs) with parking autonomy, there are more alternative parking options available as AV can park at more distant locations away from the trip maker’s destination. This paper aims to investigate the morning commute problem with consideration of AV commuters’ distant parking choices in a many-to-one network. Parking sharing scheme is explicitly considered, wherein AV travellers can choose to park at city centre at public parking facilities and then lease their own parking space out, park at home, or park at a shared parking space. We first examine how AV commuters in different residential clusters prioritize their parking location choices, as well as their willingness to share the vacant parking space. Then, we investigate the travellers’ trip timing decisions and determine the resultant equilibrium travel pattern. Without other dynamic managing schemes, the model results indicate that appropriate CBD parking supply, together with differentiated parking charges/subsidy, can reduce the total queueing congestion significantly, yet at the cost of higher total travel cost.
After the Minimum Parking Requirement Sohoni, Srirang; Lee, Bumsoo
Journal of the American Planning Association,
20/7/2/, Letnik:
90, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) have been criticized for creating excess parking, degrading urban form, reducing housing affordability, and encouraging automobile dependency. As a result, many ...American cities have begun to reduce or remove parking minimums in some or all areas. However, existing research on the effects of these policy changes has focused only on the analysis of parking supply. We investigated the broader results of parking reform at a small university city in the Midwest that removed MPRs for downtown and university districts. Our quasi-experimental research found that onsite parking construction in the deregulated zones decreased dramatically, from 108% of the earlier requirement to only 46%, clearly indicating that MPRs had enforced oversupply of parking. Of the 43 new major developments built in the 7 years following the parking reform, 84% provided less parking than previous requirements, including eight developments with zero parking. The reduction in onsite parking led to more efficient use of existing parking stock, both public and private. Furthermore, the removal of MPRs, combined with other policies, helped improve urban form by increasing housing density, promoting active building frontages, and guiding a growing share of new developments to transit-rich and walkable districts.
American cities stand to benefit greatly by relaxing or repealing parking requirements. Cities that expect resistance to parking reforms can take a targeted and incremental approach, first removing MPRs in denser areas such as downtowns, transit corridors, and other prime districts where an oversupply of parking is typically being reinforced by uniform MPRs. The case of Champaign (IL) demonstrates that a targeted district-scale reform is likely to encounter minimal opposition.
This study was conducted in 2007–2009 as the IATSS Research Project to consider the comfort and safety of city centers in the automobile age from the perspective of “parking places.”
We focused on ...four elements related to parking places, that is, 3D & M (density, disposition, design, and management) and proposed changes to parking policy in Japan by comparing and analyzing the actual conditions of parking lots or facilities in different city centers and legal systems in several counties, including Japan, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
The key concept of our proposal is that we should shift the policy of parking from equipment-duty car-parking “on-site” to parking installation”in-area,“good management, and smart operation.
The findings of this project were widely shared through open symposium with non-members of the IATSS as well as book publication and led to many system revisions in the Japanese parking policies.
•IATSS Research Project on Parking conducted in 2007–2009.•We compared and analyzed the actual conditions of parking places in various city centers and legal systems on parking.•We analyzed “3D & M" (Density, Disposition, Design and Management) on parking places.•Proposed revisions on Japanese parking policy.
A Real-Time Parking Prediction System for Smart Cities Vlahogianni, Eleni I.; Kepaptsoglou, Konstantinos; Tsetsos, Vassileios ...
Journal of intelligent transportation systems,
03/2016, Letnik:
20, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A methodological framework for multiple steps ahead parking availability prediction is presented. Two different types of predictions are provided: the probability of a free space to continue being ...free in subsequent time intervals, and the short-term parking occupancy prediction in selected regions of an urban road network. The available data come from a wide network of on-street parking sensors in the "smart" city of Santander, Spain. The sensor network is segmented in four different regions, and then survival and neural network models are developed for each region separately. Findings show that the Weibull parametric models best describe the probability of a parking space to continue to be free in the forthcoming time intervals. Moreover, simple genetically optimized multilayer perceptrons accurately predict region parking occupancy rates up to 30 minutes in the future by exploiting 1-minute data. Finally, the real time, Web-based, implementation of the proposed parking prediction availability system is presented.
•The smart parking guidance algorithm which considers dynamic circumstances of parking facilities in a city.•The heuristic parking guidance algorithm based on dispatching rules.•The validation of the ...proposed algorithm is performed by the simulation tests.•The proposed algorithm can improve performance measures such as driving duration and time.•The proposed algorithm enables car drivers to find the most appropriate parking lot and reduce redundant time and energy.
Parking problem becomes one of major issues in the city transportation management since the spatial resource of a city is limited and the parking cost is expensive. Lots of cars on the road should spend unnecessary time and consume energy during searching for parking due to limited parking space. To cope with these limitations and give more intelligent solutions to drivers in the selection of parking facility, this study proposes a smart parking guidance algorithm. The proposed algorithm supports drivers to find the most appropriate parking facility considering real-time status of parking facilities in a city. To suggest the most suitable parking facility, several factors such as driving distance to the guided parking facility, walking distance from the guided parking facility to destination, expected parking cost, and traffic congestion due to parking guidance, are considered in the proposed algorithm. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulation tests have been carried out. The proposed algorithm helps to maximize the utilization of space resources of a city, and reduce unnecessary energy consumption and CO2 emission of wandering cars since it is designed to control the utilization of parking facility efficiently and reduce traffic congestion due to parking space search.
Minimum off-street residential parking requirements are used in many cities as a way to accommodate parking demand associated with new residential development. In some cases, variations to these ...requirements are used in the form of reduced (or eliminated) minimums and/or maximum parking requirements to more actively manage parking demand. This paper assesses how such variations affecting new residential apartment development in Melbourne, known locally as parking overlays, compare against residential parking demand. Using household car ownership data as a proxy for off-street residential parking demand, a case-control analysis was undertaken to compare car ownership within and immediately outside areas affected by the parking overlays, while controlling for a range of built environment, public transport, demand management and socio-demographic variables. Key findings indicate that car ownership is generally lower in areas affected by parking overlays, yet this was either roughly the same or well below the actual parking requirement. Through regression modelling, the results highlighted the importance of public transport service quality, car parking requirements and demographics in influencing car ownership within and immediately outside the parking overlay areas. These results were used to develop a parking overlay index to identify other areas that could benefit from more flexible residential parking requirements. Despite parking overlays considered as a form of parking management, the results imply that, in Melbourne, they represent little more than a conventional supply-side approach to parking policy. The results indicate that residential off-street parking requirements could be reduced further in Melbourne, both within and outside of areas affected by parking overlays, to more actively manage parking demand.
When on-street parking is scarce, the cost of parking includes the extra time and fuel spent searching for a parking space (or cruising). Cruising also unnecessarily contributes to local congestion, ...vehicle emissions, air pollution, and climate change. The theoretical literature shows that these social costs can be reduced, or even eliminated, if high-quality information on the demand for and supply of parking is used to set parking prices at optimal levels. Not surprisingly, cities plagued by parking shortages, congested streets, and limited financial resources are interested in parking policies that reduce cruising and improve the efficient use of their existing parking and roadway infrastructure. The current study sheds light on the effect of the San Francisco parking pricing program (known as SFpark) on curbside parking search time and distance in urban neighborhoods on non-commuter parking. The study differs from previous empirical evaluations of similar parking pricing programs in its use of direct field measurements of parking search time and distance, rather than simulated data or proxy variables, such as parking availability. We use generalized mixed effect difference-in-difference models with data collected before and after the implementation of SFpark in both treatment and control areas to estimates effects of the San Francisco smart parking project, most importantly the demand responsive parking pricing scheme. The models control for time effects by using data from a separate control area, as opposed to using variables such as block face parking price and employment. The results suggest a significant reduction in average parking search time and distance due to SFpark. Average parking search time and distance declines by approximately 15% and 12%, respectively, from the control to the treatment areas.
•Proposing a simple model to shared parking platform.•Using a binary integer linear programming to maximize profit.•The profits under OA reach their maximum value earlier than first-book-first-serve ...case.
With increasing auto demands, efficient parking management is by no means less important than road traffic congestion control. This is due to shortages of parking spaces within the limited land areas of the city centers in many metropolises. The parking problem becomes an integrated part of traffic planning and management. On the other hand, it is a fact that many private parking spots are available during daytime in nearby residential compound because those residents drive their cars out to work. These temporarily vacant parking lots can be efficiently utilized to meet the parking demand of other drivers who are working at nearby locations or drivers who come for shopping or other activities. This paper proposes a framework and a simple model for embracing shared use of residential parking spaces between residents and public users. The proposed shared use is a winning strategy because it maximizes the use of private resources to benefit the community as a whole. It also creates a new business model enabled by the fast-growing mobile apps in our daily lives.
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