The partition of India in 1947 was a seminal event of the twentieth century. Much has been written about the Punjab and the creation of West Pakistan; by contrast, little is known about the partition ...of Bengal. This remarkable book by an acknowledged expert on the subject assesses the social, economic and political consequences of partition. Using compelling sources, the book, which was originally published in 2007, shows how and why the borders were redrawn, how the creation of new nation states led to unprecedented upheavals, massive shifts in population and wholly unexpected transformations of the political landscape in both Bengal and India. The book also reveals how the spoils of partition, which the Congress in Bengal had expected from the new boundaries, were squandered over the twenty years which followed. This is an intriguing and challenging work whose findings change our understanding and its consequences for the history of the subcontinent.
In Jerusalem and Northern Ireland, territorial disputes have often seemed indivisible, unable to be solved through negotiation, and prone to violence and war. This book challenges the conventional ...wisdom that these conflicts were the inevitable result of clashing identities, religions, and attachments to the land. On the contrary, it was radical political rhetoric, and not ancient hatreds, that rendered these territories indivisible. Stacie Goddard traces the roots of territorial indivisibility to politicians' strategies for legitimating their claims to territory. When bargaining over territory, politicians utilize rhetoric to appeal to their domestic audiences and undercut the claims of their opponents. However, this strategy has unintended consequences; by resonating with some coalitions and appearing unacceptable to others, politicians' rhetoric can lock them into positions in which they are unable to recognize the legitimacy of their opponent's demands. As a result, politicians come to negotiations with incompatible claims, constructing territory as indivisible.
In recent times there has been growing awareness about various heirs' property problems, including massive, decades-long, involuntary land loss. Heirs' Property and the Uniform Partition of Heirs ...Property Act: Challenges, Solutions, and Historic Reform should increase that awareness among lawyers, the general public, and policymakers. Just as importantly, the book offers many practical solutions for those seeking to address a variety of heirs' property problems.The contributing authors possess deep expertise in working on a range of heirs' property issues, including Thomas Mitchell, the lead co-editor and contributing author, who was awarded the MacArthur Genius Grant in large part for his heirs' property work. These authors include academics, leaders of various nonprofit organizations that do important heirs' property work, grassroot activists, and prominent attorneys in private practice.Includes:Discussion and analysis of the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act, which represents historic reform of partition law, the source of massive property loss that has robbed disadvantaged urban and rural families of billions of dollars of generational wealth.Proposals for changing state laws that deprive heirs' property owners of important tax benefits.Detailed guidance on how families and their attorneys can use proactive planning to either avoid or resolve various heirs' property issues.Discussions of how some community-based and community development organizations have not only been helping many families retain their heirs' property, but also have been helping them to use their property in more valuable and sustainable ways, including to build wealth.
In this powerful, compassionate work, one of anthropology’s most distinguished ethnographers weaves together rich fieldwork with a compelling critical analysis in a book that will surely make a ...signal contribution to contemporary thinking about violence and how it affects everyday life. Veena Das examines case studies including the extreme violence of the Partition of India in 1947 and the massacre of Sikhs in 1984 after the assassination of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In a major departure from much anthropological inquiry, Das asks how this violence has entered "the recesses of the ordinary" instead of viewing it as an interruption of life to which we simply bear witness. Das engages with anthropological work on collective violence, rumor, sectarian conflict, new kinship, and state and bureaucracy as she embarks on a wide-ranging exploration of the relations among violence, gender, and subjectivity. Weaving anthropological and philosophical reflections on the ordinary into her analysis, Das points toward a new way of interpreting violence in societies and cultures around the globe. The book will be indispensable reading across disciplinary boundaries as we strive to better understand violence, especially as it is perpetrated against women.
This important text offers a full and detailed account of how to use discourse analysis to study foreign policy. It provides a poststructuralist theory of the relationship between identity and ...foreign policy and an in-depth discussion of the methodology of discourse analysis.
Part I offers a detailed discussion of the concept of identity, the intertextual relationship between official foreign policy discourse and oppositional and media discourses and of the importance of genres for authors' ability to establish themselves as having authority and knowledge. Lene Hansen devotes particular attention to methodology and provides explicit directions for how to build discourse analytical research designs
Part II applies discourse analytical theory and methodology in a detailed analysis of the Western debate on the Bosnian war. This analysis includes a historical genealogy of the Western construction of the Balkans as well as readings of the official British and American policies, the debate in the House of Commons and the US Senate, Western media representations, academic debates and travel writing and autobiography.
Providing an introduction to discourse analysis and critical perspectives on international relations, this book will be essential reading for students and scholars of international relations, discourse analysis and research methodology.
Compared to the particle-gas partition coefficients (KPG), the rain-gas (KRG) and snow-gas (KSG) partition coefficients are also essential in studying the environmental behavior and fate of chemicals ...in the atmosphere. While the temperature dependence for the KPG have been extensively studied, the study for KRG and KSG are still lacking. Adsorption coefficients between water surface-air (KIA) and snow surface-air (KJA), as well as partition coefficients between water-air (KWA) and octanol-air (KOA) are vital in calculating KRG and KSG. These four basic adsorption and partition coefficients are also temperature-dependent, given by the well-known two-parameters Antoine equation logKXY = AXY + BXY/T, where KXY is the adsorption or partition coefficients, AXY and BXY are Antoine parameters (XY stand for IA, JA, WA, and OA), and T is the temperature in Kelvin. In this study, the parameters AXY and BXY are calculated for 943 chemicals, and logKXY can be estimated at any ambient temperature for these chemicals using these Antoine parameters. The results are evaluated by comparing these data with published experimental and modeled data, and the results show reasonable accuracy. Based on these coefficients, temperature-dependence of logKRG and logKSG is studied. It is found that both logKRG and logKSG are linearly related to 1/T, and Antoine parameters for logKRG and logKSG are also estimated. Distributions of the 943 chemicals in the atmospheric phases (gas, particle, and rain/snow), are illustrated in a Chemical Space Map. The findings reveal that, at environmental temperatures and precipitation days, the dominant state for the majority of chemicals is the gaseous phase. All the AXY and BXY values for logKSG, logKRG, and basic adsorption and partition coefficients, both modeled by this study and collected from published work, are systematically organized into an accessible dataset for public utilization.
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•A dataset to calculate basic adsorption/partition coefficients with temperature.•Calculating rain/snow-gas partition coefficients with the dataset.•Relationship between rain/snow-gas partition coefficients and temperature.•The dominant state for the majority of chemicals is the gaseous phase.
Let A=(an)n∈N+ be a sequence of positive integers. Let pA(n,k) denote the number of multi-color partitions of n into parts in {a1,…,ak}. We examine several arithmetic properties of the sequence ...(pA(n,k)(mod⁎)m)n∈N for an arbitrary fixed integer m⩾2. We investigate periodicity of the sequence and lower and upper bounds for the density of the set {n∈N:pA(n,k)≡i(mod⁎)m} for a fixed positive integer k and i∈{0,1,…,m−1}. In particular, we apply our results to the special cases of the sequence A. Furthermore, we present some results related to restricted m-ary partitions.
•Model based calculations of black carbon–air partition coefficients for PCBs.•Soil and air levels of PCBs reported first time for ecologically important sites of Indus River Basin, Pakistan.•Black ...carbon showed influential role in soil–air partitioning of PCBs in Indus River Basin, Pakistan.
Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in surface soils and passive air samples from the Indus River Basin, and the influential role of black carbon (BC) in the soil–air partitioning process was examined. ∑26–PCBs ranged between 0.002–3.03pgm−3 and 0.26–1.89ngg−1 for passive air and soil samples, respectively. Lower chlorinated (tri- and tetra-) PCBs were abundant in both air (83.9%) and soil (92.1%) samples. Soil–air partitioning of PCBs was investigated through octanol–air partition coefficients (KOA) and black carbon–air partition coefficients (KBC–A). The results of the paired-t test revealed that both models showed statistically significant agreement between measured and predicted model values for the PCB congeners. Ratios of fBCKBC–AδOCT/fOMKOA>5 explicitly suggested the influential role of black carbon in the retention and soil–air partitioning of PCBs. Lower chlorinated PCBs were strongly adsorbed and retained by black carbon during soil–air partitioning because of their dominance at the sampling sites and planarity effect.
Emulsion-based carriers have been widely studied for the co-encapsulation of active ingredients with different partition coefficient (Log P). However, it is challenging to encapsulate active ...ingredients with low Log P values in emulsified oil droplets. In this study, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 160 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.38) and resveratrol (Res, 320 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.57), as models with low Log P, were co-encapsulated in emulsified oil droplets for the first time by peppermint essential oil (PEO) mediation. During storage process, EGCG and Res consistently remain co-located inside the emulsified oil droplets. However, both EGCG and Res migrated towards the inner layer of the interface of emulsified oil droplets along with PEO. Res exhibited better stability compared to EGCG, while the degradation of EGCG occurred within the emulsified oil droplets. Furthermore, when co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down. PEO did not degrade during storage, and over 98 % of PEO was encapsulated within the emulsified oil droplets. This is the crucial reason for maintaining the stability of SC-stabilized emulsion and achieving high encapsulation efficiency of active ingredients. This provides a green and simple strategy for co-encapsulation of active ingredients with Log P lower than 3.0 within emulsified oil droplets.
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•Polyphenols with Log P＜3 were partitioned within emulsified oil droplets.•EGCG and Res were co-located in emulsified oil droplets for the first time.•PEO mediated the co-partition and stabilization of EGCG and Res.•EGCG and Res migrated towards the interfacial inner layer of emulsified oil droplets.•When co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down.
