The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of M piperita (peppermint)–derived ingredients. The Panel reviewed data relevant to the safety of these ingredients. ...Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituent(s) of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. Industry should continue to use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients. The Panel concluded that M piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Extract, Leaf, and leaf-derived ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be non-sensitizing, and that the available data are insufficient for determining that M piperita (Peppermint) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract, M piperita (Peppermint) Flower/Leaf/Stem Water, and M piperita (Peppermint) Meristem Cell Culture are safe under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.
In this study, the maturation of the ovarian portion of the ovotestes, the viability of mating, and the embryonic development were investigated for Lysmata ankeri, an ornamental species widely ...exploited by marine aquariums that presents protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism. Two types of pairs were formed: hermaphrodite × hermaphrodite (HH, n = 7 pairs) and male shrimp × hermaphrodite (MH, n = 7 pairs). The maturation time of the ovaries averaged 11.7 ± 0.18 days and it was classified into three stages: depleted ovary (DOg), developing ovary (DOb) and developed ovary (DOr), with each one showing different colors: gray (Pantone: Cool gray 1C), brown (Pantone: 465C) and red-orange (Pantone: 4011C), respectively. The incubation of the eggs coincided with the maturation of the ovaries. Embryonic development was classified into 11 periods. There was greater mating success between HH pairs than MH pairs. In the MH pairs, the male was cannibalized by the hermaphrodite when molting most of the time. L. ankeri showed continuous reproduction with the production of viable larvae with a low yolk reserve.
•We obtained viable larvae in consecutive spawnings.•We demonstrated that the species has continuous reproduction and is technicaly viable to perform mating in laboratory.•There was greater mating success between HH pairs than MH pairs.•Information regarding ovotestes coloration and embryo development can aid in breeders management in laboratory.
The semi-arid highlands offer favorable temperature and radiation conditions for cultivating medicinal plants organically. This practice not only supports the sustainability of the ecosystems in ...these regions but also presents a valuable opportunity for the production of medicinal plants. Peppermint, a highly sought-after medicinal plant, presents a favorable choice for farmers residing in semi-arid regions due to its versatile applications across various industries. To assess the biomass and essential oil (EO) of peppermint, the utilization of diverse fertilizer sources across different cuttings has been examined. The experimental treatments consisted of four fertilizer sources including poultry manure (POM), sheep manure (SHM), cattle manure (CAM), and chemical fertilizers (CHF), and different cuttings, namely first cutting (CUT1), second cutting (CUT2) and third cutting (CUT3). Plants treated with POM and SHM gave the highest biomass in CUT1 and CUT2, respectively. The nutrient content (macro- and micro-) raised with the application of POM and SHM. The highest EO content was recorded in POM treatment and CUT2. Plants amended with POM had the greatest EO yield in three cuttings. The major EO constituents were menthol (35.2%-58.3%), menthone (3.1%–33.6%), menthyl acetate (1.1%-9.4%), iso-menthone (0.41%-8.8%), with the highest percentages of these compounds reached in treatments with organic manures in various cuttings. High-quality EOs (high menthol and low menthoufuran content) were obtained with organic manure treatments in three cuttings. Plants amended with POM, CHF and CHF showed the highest antioxidant capacity of EO in CUT1, CUT2 and CUT3, respectively. Overall, the usage of POM and SHM can be recommended for increasing biomass and improving the quality of peppermint EO during the growth season, while maintaining ecosystem sustainability by replacing chemical fertilizers in the semi-arid highlands.
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•This is the first report to study peppermint essential oil in three cuttings•The semi-arid highlands offer favorable conditions for essential oil production•The amendment with poultry and sheep manure allowed the highest plant biomass•The use of poultry and sheep manure raised peppermint’s essential oil yield•Percentages of the main volatile compounds increased by applying organic manures
A facultative parasite called Aspergillus flavus contaminates several important food crops before and after harvest. In addition, the pathogen that causes aspergillosis infections in humans and ...animals is opportunistic. Aflatoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus, is also carcinogenic and mutagenic, endangering human and animal health and affecting global food security. Peppermint essential oils and plant-derived natural products have recently shown promise in combating A. flavus infestations and aflatoxin contamination. This review discusses the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of peppermint essential oils. It then discusses how peppermint essential oils affect the growth of A. flavus and the biosynthesis of aflatoxins. Several cause physical, chemical, or biochemical changes to the cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, and associated metabolic enzymes and genes. Finally, the prospects for using peppermint essential oils and natural plant-derived chemicals to develop novel antifungal agents and protect foods are highlighted. In addition to reducing the risk of aspergillosis infection, this review highlights the significant potential of plant-derived natural products and peppermint essential oils to protect food and feed from aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus infestation.
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•A parasite called Aspergillus flavus contaminates several important food crops.•Peppermint essential oils have shown combating of A. flavus.•This review discusses the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of peppermint.
Establishing efficient methods to combat bacterial biofilms is a major concern. Natural compounds, such as essential oils derived from plants, are among the favored and recommended strategies for ...combatting bacteria and their biofilm. Therefore, we evaluated the antibiofilm properties of peppermint oil as well as the activities by which it kills bacteria generally and particularly their biofilms. Peppermint oil antagonistic activities were investigated against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium on four food contact surfaces (stainless steel, rubber, high-density polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate). Biofilm formation on each studied surface, hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, metabolic activity, and adenosine triphosphate quantification were evaluated for each bacterium in the presence and absence (control) of peppermint oil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy were utilized to analyze the effects of peppermint oil treatment on the bacteria and their biofilm. Results showed that peppermint oil (1/2× minimum inhibitory concentration MIC, MIC, and 2× MIC) substantially lessened biofilm formation, with high bactericidal properties. A minimum of 2.5-log to a maximum of around 5-log reduction was attained, with the highest sensitivity shown by V. parahaemolyticus. Morphological experiments revealed degradation of the biofilm structure, followed by some dead cells with broken membranes. Thus, this study established the possibility of using peppermint oil to combat key foodborne and food spoilage pathogens in the food processing environment.
Aims
To investigate the antimicrobial activity of various natural products against Clostridium difficile in vitro.
Methods and Results
The antibacterial activity of 20 natural products was determined ...by the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays against four C. difficile strains, three comparator organisms and four gastrointestinal commensal organisms. Of the raw natural products, garlic juice had the highest activity. The most active processed products were peppermint oil and the four pure compounds trans‐cinnamaldehyde, allicin, menthol and zingerone. Furthermore, Bacteroides species had similar susceptibility to C. difficile to most natural products; however, Lactobacillus casei was less susceptible. The combined effect of natural products with vancomycin or metronidazole was determined using the conventional checkerboard titration method and the fractional inhibitory concentration index was calculated. The results showed a possible synergism between trans‐cinnamaldehyde and vancomycin and partial synergy between trans‐cinnamaldehyde and metronidazole.
Conclusions
The study indicates a range of antimicrobial activity of natural products against C. difficile and suggests that they may be useful as alternative or complementary treatments for C. difficile infection (CDI), particularly as most are able to be given orally.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study encourages further investigation of natural products for treatment of CDI.
Emulsion-based carriers have been widely studied for the co-encapsulation of active ingredients with different partition coefficient (Log P). However, it is challenging to encapsulate active ...ingredients with low Log P values in emulsified oil droplets. In this study, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 160 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.38) and resveratrol (Res, 320 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.57), as models with low Log P, were co-encapsulated in emulsified oil droplets for the first time by peppermint essential oil (PEO) mediation. During storage process, EGCG and Res consistently remain co-located inside the emulsified oil droplets. However, both EGCG and Res migrated towards the inner layer of the interface of emulsified oil droplets along with PEO. Res exhibited better stability compared to EGCG, while the degradation of EGCG occurred within the emulsified oil droplets. Furthermore, when co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down. PEO did not degrade during storage, and over 98 % of PEO was encapsulated within the emulsified oil droplets. This is the crucial reason for maintaining the stability of SC-stabilized emulsion and achieving high encapsulation efficiency of active ingredients. This provides a green and simple strategy for co-encapsulation of active ingredients with Log P lower than 3.0 within emulsified oil droplets.
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•Polyphenols with Log P＜3 were partitioned within emulsified oil droplets.•EGCG and Res were co-located in emulsified oil droplets for the first time.•PEO mediated the co-partition and stabilization of EGCG and Res.•EGCG and Res migrated towards the interfacial inner layer of emulsified oil droplets.•When co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down.
An unexplored, fascinating history of nineteenth-century agrarian life, told through the engaging lens of three families central to the peppermint oil industry This unconventional history relates the ...engaging and unusual stories of three families in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries whose involvement in the peppermint oil industry provides insights into the perspectives and concerns of rural people of their time. Challenging the standard paradigms, historian Dan Allosso focuses on the rural characters who lived by their own rules and did not acquiesce to contemporary religious doctrines, business mores, and political expediencies. The Ranneys, a secular family in a very religious time and place; the Hotchkisses, who ran banks and printed their own money while the Lincoln administration was eliminating state banking; and the Todd family, who incorporated successful business practices with populist socialism, all highlight the untold story of rural America's engagement with the capitalist marketplace. The families' atypical attitudes and activities offer unexpected perspectives on rural business and life.
Essential oils (EOs) such as Peppermint oil (PO) and Green Tea oil (GTO) have extensively been reported for their nutritional and biomedical properties. To overcome the sensitivity of EOs to the ...environmental conditions, nano-encapsulation has emerged as a method to address this limitation. In this work, PO and GTO were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) following emulsification/ionic gelation method. The nano-encapsulated PO (CS/PO NPs) and GTO (CS/GTO NPs) were fully characterized by various methods. Spherical NPs with an average size range of 20–60 nm were revealed by TEM for both systems. The loading capacity reached 22.2% and 23.1%, for PO and GTO, respectively, and the in-vitro release followed a Fickian behavior in different buffer systems. The TGA thermograms of both nano-encapsulated EOs showed an increase in the temperature of maximum degradation rate up to 350 °C. The nano-encapsulation maintained the stability of the total phenolic contents in both EOs, improved the antioxidant activity by ~2 and 2.4-fold for PO and GTO respectively. Surprisingly, the antibacterial activity of CS/GTO NPs was more potent than CS/PO NPs and especially against Staphylococcus aureus with ~9.4 folds improvement compared to pure GTO, and ~4.7 fold against Escherichia coli.
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•Peppermint and Green Tea essential oils were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.•Essential oil encapsulation improves thermal stability.•Release profile of the both essential oils followed a Fickian behavior over 72 h.•Nanoencapsulation enhanced the antioxidant activity for both essential oils.•Encapsulated Green Tea essential oil has antimicrobial activity higher than Peppermint oil.
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