O povijesti i dugotrajnoj transformaciji glavne prometne osi zapadnog dijela Zagreba, danas avenije, koja nosi nazive Ulica grada Mainza i Prilaz baruna Filipovića, ne postoji cjelovit prikaz. U ...generalnoj regulatornoj osnovi grada iz 1887. bilo je predviđeno da se glavna ulica novoplaniranog predjela od današnje Ulice Republike Austrije do gradske međe na Črnomercu spoji s već formiranim Prilazom (Gjure Deželića) i postane magistralna prometnica zapadnog dijela grada. Stjecajem okolnosti područje zapadno od Ulice Republike Austrije dobilo je karakter industrijsko-vojne zone. Do početka Prvoga svjetskog rata planirana magistrala, dotad poluuređena periferijska cesta, opsluživala je tvornice i vojarne. Izgradnja, urbanizacija i transformacija tog područja počinje tek poslije tog rata, nastavlja se ne odviše intenzivno u međuratno doba, da bi 1970-ih dosegnula vrhunac. U članku se prvi put opsežno prezentiraju urbanistička i arhitektonska obilježja tog razdoblja, zahvaljujući otkriću građe koja dosad nije bila dostupna. Predstavljaju se i kvalitetna autorska arhitektonska ostvarenja, koja tvore identitet avenije, duž i oko koje danas nastaju nove, mahom stambene zgrade i sklopovi.
U radu se tvrdi da je naglasak u istraživanju stanja hrvatske ekonomije potrebno staviti na historijsku kontingenciju i geopolitički položaj Hrvatske kako bi se nadopunila prevladavajuća objašnjenja ...koja naglašavaju kulturne, unutarnjopolitičke ili ideološke faktore. Kroz kritičku primjenu teorije modernoga svjetskog sistema te zagovaranja korištenja događajne sociologije i analize ovisnosti o prijeđenom putu istražuje se utjecaj Prvoga i Drugoga svjetskog rata, Rezolucije Informbiroa, nestanka Istočnog bloka te raspada Jugoslavije na razvoj hrvatske ekonomije. Utjecaj geopolitičkih promjena na hrvatsku ekonomiju kao i stvaranje ovisnosti o prijeđenom putu promatran je kroz nastanak i razvoj 19 hrvatskih visokotehnoloških poduzeća (među ostalim PLIVE, Končara, Željezare Sisak, Ericssona Nikole Tesle i Podravke). Provedeno je 20 polustrukturiranih intervjua s akterima hrvatskoga istraživačko-razvojnog sektora te su analizirane službene monografije poduzeća, arhivska građa, kao i drugi izvori o tim poduzećima. Prvi svjetski rat i osnivanje monarhističke Jugoslavije znatno su pridonijeli nastanku hrvatske visokotehnološke industrije, jer je strani kapital zbog pristupa novom tržištu zaštićenom visokim carinama ulagao u stvaranje novih poduzeća. Pripreme za Drugi svjetski rat i sam rat omogućili su rast nekih industrija vezanih uz ratnu ekonomiju. Nakon raskida sa Sovjetskim Savezom specifičan je poluperiferni položaj socijalističke Jugoslavije hrvatskim poduzećima omogućavao brže približavanje jezgri u odnosu na poduzeća iz drugih socijalističkih zemalja Srednje Europe. Nestanak Istočnog bloka i raspad Jugoslavije onemogućavala su analizirana poduzeća u korištenju svoje poluperiferne pozicije upravo u trenutku kad su se događale bitne promjene u svjetskoj ekonomiji, tj. nastanak tehnoglobalizma. No, neka su se analizirana visokotehnološka poduzeća uspjela uključiti u tehnoglobalističke mreže, među ostalim i zbog svoga poluperifernog položaja, ili su nastavile svoj samostalan razvoj.
I ovaj ćemo Bijenale, kao i nekoliko prethodnih, pamtiti po, kako je naveo jedan kritičar, „raskoraku između filozofske i teorijske dimenzije i banalnosti samog rezultata...” koji je „... toliko ...velik da se djelo čini apsurdnim.” I doista, između retorike umjetnika, ovogodišnjeg izbornika i samih djela na izložbi, zjapi praznina neusklađenosti. O izložbi ćete malo i ništa doznati iz tumačenja izbornika Ralpha Rugoffa, tek njegove motive koji su ga opredijelili za zanimljiva vremena i pripadnu umjetnost. Uopće ne morate znati za temu i pratiti teorijske sofisterije izbornika da biste pristupili djelima, ali to još i nije najveći problem izložbe. Mala količina doista upečatljivih djela ono je što zabrinjava u mnoštvu izloženoga. S druge strane, izgubivši centar, baš kao i periferiju (ili možemo obrnuti: sve je danas centar i sve je periferija), suvremena je umjetnost, svjedoči to i Bijenale, izgubila i žarišnost koja je nekada emanirala iz središta događanja, iz jezgre pojave. Potiranje središta i periferije prouzročilo je situaciju u kojoj danas doista nijedna umjetnička pojava, grupa ili pojedinac nisu gravitacijska sila koja privlači ili emanira, a „duh vremena” tek je podsjetnik na prošlo svršeno vrijeme koje se ne vraća, čak ni periodično.
U radu je riječ o razmjerno slabo poznatoj školi arhitekta Zemljaka iz 1938. godine. Primarno se govori o projektu jer zgrada nije izvedena cjelovito, a recentno je doživjela i različite preinake. ...Izvorna zamisao vidi se u idejnom projektu, gdje se ističe različit tretman tamnijega učioničkog trakta i bijelo ožbukanoga poprečnog sklopa. Navodi se kako je ova školska zgrada zaobljenom formom u velikome mjerilu glavnoga trakta iznimka u njegovu stvaralaštvu. U prostornoj analizi autor se među ostalime bavi smještajem stubišta koje ima neuobičajen položaj u odnosu na predvorje, ali logično tvori dio učioničkog trakta, povezujući tri etaže. U radu se skreće i pozornost na funkcije koje je škola u ono doba trebala zadovoljiti, a koje su je činile de facto socijalnom ustanovom (kuhinja, kupaonica, liječnik). Također je istaknuta činjenica da je u zgradi škole bilo projektirano i dječje sklonište (obdanište), i to u prizemlju glavnog trakta.
The villages of the Zagreb Foothills, located on the southern slopes of Mount Medvednica, experienced the first hints of changes in the period between the world wars. These changes encompassed the ...electrification of certain villages and the partial construction of a water supply network. The economic interdependence of the nearby settlements to the north of Zagreb and the city itself slowly transformed the peasants of the foothill villages into peasant-workers, and then into citizens of Zagreb. After World War II and the annexation of the former villages to the City of Zagreb, the urbanisation processes increasingly influenced family units, their economy, everyday life, and customs. Thus, in the 1960s, a complete transformation of the rural area took place, and it became part of the urban complex. The socio-economic processes that permeated Yugoslavia in that period, the gradual liberalisation of the market and the creation of a consumer society, created among the former peasants a desire to adopt the urban culture and lifestyle. Abandonment of agriculture and animal husbandry, permanent employment in the city, and increased purchasing power allowed the families of the northern city periphery to buy household appliances such as television sets, washing machines, and refrigerators. Everyday life became easier and more leisurely, but severed a series of old social ties and permanently transformed the villages of the Zagreb Foothills into an integral part of the City of Zagreb.
The southern periphery area appeared in the city government’s development plans in the late 19th century, and was envisioned as an industrial and recreative area that would include a port on the ...river Sava. Its value as a residential area was foreseen only in the Main Regulatory Plan of 1930/31, which was approved in 1940. The lack of a regulatory basis for this area was the consequence of the unregulated flow of the Sava, whose annual flooding remained a threat, and also of the railway to the north, which cut the area off from the Lower Town and city centre. This so-called ‘Railway Question’ burdened the city government for decades after the erection of the Main Railway Station building in 1892, though it was somewhat ameliorated by the construction of an underpass on Miramarska Road in 1913. The separation of the southern periphery from the city due to the railway and the unregulated Sava prevented the development of the city in the north-south direction, so it developed longitudinally. The regulation of the Sava began in 1899, and by 1918 the river was consolidated into a single riverbed, its branches were cut off, and it was set into a characteristic bend with a centreline perpendicular to the medieval city core. However, the threat of flooding continued until the 1930s, when the Trnje embankment was completed, providing at least some protection for the southern border of the southern periphery.An urban population boom, characteristic of cities across the globe after World War I, took place in Zagreb. Most of the growth was due to people moving in from Zagreb’s rural surroundings and northern Croatia. One of the first problems that were detected was the lack of housing, especially that which would be affordable to the newly arrived immigrants. Although many of them found employment in the city or the factories that had by then developed on its periphery, their limited and modest incomes soon drove them out of the city centre and towards the periphery. There they built houses and had space for gardens and domestic animals, mostly on rented lots. The most pronounced characteristic of the population of the southern periphery was illegal construction; between 5,000 and 6,000 such buildings were erected in the interwar period. This phenomenon naturally led the new citizens into conflict with the city government.Even though Marxist historiography accused the ‘bourgeois government’ of deliberately ignoring the population of the periphery, this seems to be an exaggerated interpretation, though these citizens were often treated as ‘little people’. Various city governments, especially in the 1930s, had a pronounced social dimension, especially in regard to basic social benefits, but also in the construction of a limited number of dwellings for the poorer strata of the population. It seems more accurate to say that the city authorities ignored the southern periphery area. The city government lacked the funds to properly deal with the less-than-ideal area that was literally cut off from the city due to the railway and also exposed to flooding, which reinforced the mutual feeling of isolation.In this entire period, the population of the southern periphery was addressed as ‘little people’ and they never reached the level of ‘citizens’, marking this area a sort of ‘non-city’. In this sense, it is no wonder that, after the flood of 1923, only around 75 Zagreb citizens donated (mostly useless) clothing and footwear to victims from the periphery. Their relationship was problematic and full of mutual accusations. However, these ‘non-citizens’ and ‘little people’ actually forced the city government to begin addressing the southern periphery. Positive changes can be detected from the 1930s, during the mandate of Ivo Krbek. Following the mass immigration after World War I and until 1928, the inhabitants of the southern periphery reached a critical mass, i.e. they had sufficient numbers to allow them to remain in this area. The ideal plan of the city government was to buy houses from illegal builders or to offer them land in the regulated parts of the city, and thus free up this space for some future urban development. However, the chronic lack of funds and lots as well as the inadequate utility infrastructure hindered these efforts and widened the gap between ‘city’ and ‘periphery’.
Structural approach to word formation in Lithuanian is still dominant, meanwhile cognitive insights have not been applied yet. The object of this paper is the aspects of cognitive grammar to word ...formation. In the article, cognitive semantic notions and their application to the morphological analysis of cognitive grammar are introduced.In the cognitive theory of grammar, symbolicity plays a significant role. The essence of cognitive grammar is based on the idea that language units are bipolar language signs. A linguistic unit consists of phonological and semantic poles which are linked by a symbolic structure.A category is a network of meanings of a derivational morpheme, which, as in the case of lexical category, is structured in terms of prototype and periphery. The prototype of a category is considered to be the most typical member, whereas other senses of the prototype comprise the periphery.Morphological expressions are closely related to each other and comprise cognitive domains. A domain is perceived as knowledge in terms of which derivational morphemes can be interpreted.Compositionality is a process when the composite structure is determined by the meanings of its constituents. This process plays an integral part in understanding the senses of new morphological expressions. Full and partial compositionality types are typical of morphological expressions. In compounding, full compositionality is endocentric, meanwhile partial compositionality is exocentric.A large number of units are pertinent to each other by schema and instance relations. A schema is defined as a general model made of instances. The schema reflects the general meaning of instances. Due to further elaboration the instance becomes a basis for a new schema and its elaborating elements become new instances.
Autorice se bave određenim aspektima oblikovanja granica u prošlosti i suvremenosti
na prostorima današnje Hrvatske iz sociološke i povijesne perspektive.
Nastoje kontekstualizirati neke okolnosti ...pod kojima se granice između zemalja
uspostavljaju, održavaju i mijenjaju. Granice se obično konstruiraju kako bi isključivale
Druge i/ili strance, a kao društveni proizvod čije se značenje s vremenom
mijenja one uvijek određuju pripadnost. One se s jedne strane tiču ograničenja,
podjela, konflikata i isključivanja između etničkih/nacionalnih skupina, ali i
procesa proširivanja, uključivanja i redefiniranja u skladu s političkim interesima
na lokalnim, regionalnim, nacionalnim i nadnacionalnim razinama. Upotrebom
interdisciplinarnog pristupa u komparativnoj perspektivi preispituju se uloge i
značenja rubnosti hrvatskih granica u ranom novom vijeku, kada su, gotovo na
istim mjestima kao i danas, granice predstavljale civilizacijsku periferiju i konfesionalno
definiranu barijeru prema Drugome (Antemurale Christianitatis). Provedena
analiza pokazala je da uloga granice Republike Hrvatske, među ostalim, pridonosi
obrani Fortress Europe (Šengenskog područja) od neregularnih migracija,
odnosno migranata kao Drugih. U radu je na izabranim slučajevima utvrđeno da
političke elite, ovisno o svojim interesima, oblikuju i upravljaju granicom, čineći
je (ne)propusnom za kretanje kapitala, usluga i ljudi. Pritom je svakodnevica lokalnog
stanovništva na granici često bila, a i danas jest u opreci s proklamiranim
politikama ograničenja nametnutima odozgo, pretvarajući granicu od prepreke
u mjesto razmjene i suradnje. S druge strane, pokazalo se da fragmentacija europskog
prostora i jačanje nacionalnih interesa umjesto proklamiranom idealu
„Europa bez granica“ vodi osnaživanju „Europe granica“.
This paper argues that in the research on the state of the Croatian economy, emphasis should be put on historical contingency and on the geopolitical position of Croatia in order to complement ...prevailing explanations that accentuate cultural, inner-political or ideological factors. With the critical use of the modern world system theory and advocating eventful sociology and path-dependent analysis, the article analyses the influences of the First and Second World Wars, the Informbiro Resolution, the disappearance of the Eastern bloc and the break-up of Yugoslavia on the development of the Croatian economy. The influence of geopolitical changes on the Croatian economy and the creation of path dependencies were observed through the establishment and development of 19 Croatian hightech companies (among others; PLIVA, Končar, Željezara Sisak, Ericsson Nikola Tesla and Podravka). Twenty semi-structured interviews with the actors of the Croatian R&D sector were conducted and official monographs, archival material and other sources dealing with these companies were analysed. The First World War and the establishment of monarchist Yugoslavia contributed significantly to the emergence of Croatian high-tech industry, as foreign capital was invested in the establishment of new companies in order to gain access to the new market that was protected by high tariffs. Preparations for the Second World War and the war itself enabled the rise of industries connected to the war economy. After the split with the Soviet Union, a specific semi-peripheral position of socialist Yugoslavia allowed Croatian companies to have closer relations with the core countries than was the case with companies from other Central European socialist countries. The disappearance of the Eastern bloc and the break-up of Yugoslavia prevented the companies analysed from using their semi-peripheral status precisely in the period of significant changes in the world economy, i.e. the emergence of techno-globalism. However, some of the high-tech companies analysed have succeeded in joining techno-global networks, among other things because of their semi-peripheral position, or were able to continue their autonomous development.
Europski sud za ljudska prava već se desetljećima bavi pitanjem procesnih jamstava u postupcima koji nalikuju kaznenom (npr. prekršajnim ili upravno-kaznenim). Praksa Suda može se podijeliti u dva ...razdoblja. Prvo je počelo presudom Engel i drugi protiv Nizozemske, kojom je Sud pojam kaznene optužbe protumačio nezavisno od njezine klasifikacije u nacionalnom pravu. U tom je razdoblju načelno vrijedilo sljedeće pravilo: ako je optužba ocijenjena kaznenom, tada su se u pripadajućem postupku morala poštivati sva procesna jamstva koja Konvencija predviđa za kaznene postupke. Početak drugog razdoblja označila je presuda Jussila protiv Finske, u kojoj je prihvaćen standard
prema kojem se u predmetima koji ne pripadaju jezgri kaznenog prava konvencijska jamstva iz čl. 6. ne moraju primjenjivati u svojem punom opsegu. Takvo je shvaćanje predstavljalo prekretnicu u praksi Suda o procesnim jamstvima u kaznenom sličnim postupcima. Rad donosi analizu te značajne presude i kasnije prakse Suda o kriterijima pomoću kojih razlikuje „jezgru“ od „periferije“ kaznenog prava.
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