This article presents a novel, tripartite division of three seemingly identical structure types in terms of their aspectual differences: who believed, who believe and the believers. The debate on ...these three structures (a relative pronoun followed by a verb in the past or in the present and the agentive noun) pits the opposing views of those who advocate for their similarity and congruence (Reuschel 1996), and those who firmly believe that phonemic or syntactic differences definitely bring about differences at various levels (Bloomfield 1933). The contexts, exegeses and the relationship between 438 utterance components are analysed here. The results help disentangle the tight knot of long-standing sameness of these three types of structures. The who believed type is shown to express shades of aspect such as a) the constancy of the occurrence of an action, b) progressive actions explored retrospectively in the future such as Judgement Day and c) an action that was completed in the past. The who believe type is shown to go hand in hand with habitual or iterative aspects. The believers type allows for greater flexibility to combine the first two.
Human speech perception results from neural computations that transform external acoustic speech signals into internal representations of words. The superior temporal gyrus (STG) contains the ...nonprimary auditory cortex and is a critical locus for phonological processing. Here, we describe how speech sound representation in the STG relies on fundamentally nonlinear and dynamical processes, such as categorization, normalization, contextual restoration, and the extraction of temporal structure. A spatial mosaic of local cortical sites on the STG exhibits complex auditory encoding for distinct acoustic-phonetic and prosodic features. We propose that as a population ensemble, these distributed patterns of neural activity give rise to abstract, higher-order phonemic and syllabic representations that support speech perception. This review presents a multi-scale, recurrent model of phonological processing in the STG, highlighting the critical interface between auditory and language systems.
Though a lot of studies have been conducted on Amharic, studies on its phonology are very few and even those studies do not agree on the number and inventory of Amharic consonant phonemes. This study ...argues that there are 19 labialised Amharic phonemes. The study argues that overgeneralization of labialisation and loss of /w/ cannot account for all the occurrences of labialised consonants in Amharic. Minimal pair test and derivation of agentive and adjutative forms are presented as evidences to show the phonemic status of labialised consonants in Amharic.
Research on how much early phonemic awareness (PA) instruction is optimal has produced inconclusive answers. We conducted a nonlinear meta-analysis to estimate the optimal cumulative dosage of early ...PA instruction on PA outcomes with an associated maximum effect size in preschool through first-grade students.
Sixteen experimental and quasi-experimental primary studies (35 effect sizes) on PA instruction effectiveness that reported cumulative dosage data were included. There were 613 students in treatment and 542 students in control conditions (Mage = 5.20 years; SDage = 0.87).
The cumulative dosage response model took a concave parabolic form (an upside-down U shape). Specifically, PA instruction effects improved with increasing dosage up to 10.20 hours of instruction (dmax = 0.74), after which the effects declined. Moderator analyses revealed these results held for students at-risk for reading disabilities and basic PA skills instruction. Furthermore, moderator analyses showed that the dosage response curves exhibited a convex parabolic form (a U shape) in PA instruction with letters, with effects continually increasing after 16 hours of PA instruction.
Overall, our findings highlight the importance of planning the optimal cumulative dosage of early PA instruction in preschool through first-grade settings so that students acquire the PA and phonological-orthographic associations taught and show progress in learning to read.
This study was focused on historical-comparative linguistics and discussed the language kinship among Pesisir Pasar, Pesisir Kampung, and Pesisir Sorkam languages where the different languages were ...in the Sibolga district of Centre Tapanuli in North Sumatera. The populations and samples were taken from the local people of each district. The researchers aimed to find out the sameness of the different languages’ vocabularies. This study used descriptive quantitative research by visiting the location of each language and interviewing the local informant of each district. This study used the numbers to find out the average in percent so that the relationship The findings of this research were 60 % (sixty percent) and it meant that the different languages were so close to each other because they were in one area of Centre Tapanuli. It happened because there were 119 same words in the vocabulary. The identic couples were 89 words and 30 words of correspondence phonemics. In this correspondence phonemic, there were a few different letters or one letter, one of them was the word bunuh (Pasar language), bunoh (Kampung language) and buno (Sorkam language).
The Ambivalent Sounds in Usen Ikhimwin, Gladys Ameze
Language in India,
11/2018, Letnik:
18, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Usen is the term used to refer to the language, its speakers and the location where the language is spoken. Usen is spoken in Ovia South West Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. This paper ...examines the ambivalent sounds in the Usen language. Ambivalent sounds are those sounds that pose serious problems in phonological analysis. They are speech sounds whose cross-linguistic patterning is especially variable, creating contradictions for theories of universal distinctive features. Data for this work are collected using an Olympic 846 digital voice recorder and the instrument for the study is the Ibadan word list of 400 basic lexical items. Data for this paper are analyzed using the structuralists' approach to phonological analysis by the Prague school of linguistics, in order to ascertain the status of the ambivalent sounds in the Usen language. Structuralism holds that, according to the human way of understanding things, particular elements have no absolute meaning or value: their meaning or value is relative to other elements Harris (1951). Everything makes sense only in relation to something else. An element, therefore cannot be perceived by itself. In order to understand a particular element we need to study the whole system of relationships or structure. The major goal of this approach is to identify the distinctive sounds of a language using the substitution method as proposed by the structuralists. The finding of our study therefore reveals that the ambivalent sounds are also single phonetic but complex units in their own rights. Keywords: Usen, Sounds, Phonemes, Ambivalent, Status, Analysis.
Developmental dyslexia is a multifaceted disorder of learning primarily manifested by difficulties in reading, spelling, and phonological processing. Neural studies suggest that phonological ...difficulties may reflect impairments in fundamental cortical oscillatory mechanisms. Here we examine cortical mechanisms in children (6–12 years of age) with or without dyslexia (utilising both age- and reading-level-matched controls) using electroencephalography (EEG). EEG data were recorded as participants listened to an audio-story. Novel electrophysiological measures of phonemic processing were derived by quantifying how well the EEG responses tracked phonetic features of speech. Our results provide, for the first time, evidence for impaired low-frequency cortical tracking to phonetic features during natural speech perception in dyslexia. Atypical phonological tracking was focused on the right hemisphere, and correlated with traditional psychometric measures of phonological skills used in diagnostic dyslexia assessments. Accordingly, the novel indices developed here may provide objective metrics to investigate language development and language impairment across languages.
•Children with dyslexia show atypical low-frequency cortical entrainment to speech.•Impaired entrainment was due to dyslexia and not to reduced reading experience.•Dyslexia both reduced and enhanced speech entrainment in right hemisphere locations.•The right hemisphere effects reflected impaired phoneme-level entrainment.•Impaired entrainment was significantly related to impaired phonological awareness.
How do skilled Chinese readers, accustomed to characters, process Pinyin, a phonemic transcription of Chinese? Does the orthography of Chinese characters become activated? In four experiments, native ...speakers first made a meaning judgment on a two-syllable word written in Pinyin. Immediately following, they responded to a character whose orthography sometimes was related to the character corresponding to the Pinyin. In Experiments 1 and 3, participant named the colour of the presented characters; there was an interference effect when the presented characters included phonetic radicals that were part of the character corresponding to the Pinyin. In Experiments 2 and 4, participants named the character; naming times were affected if either the semantic or phonetic radical was shared with the character corresponding to the Pinyin. The results indicate that access to lexical representations in Chinese is centred on the orthographic character, even when the input is Pinyin.
Sound symbolism refers to a systematic association between phonemes and meaning. It has been claimed that continuant consonants are associated with round shapes, while stop consonants are strongly ...associated with sharp shapes. Westbury (2005) developed an implicit measure of this effect, asking participants to make lexical decisions to strings inside round or sharp frames. Decisions to all-continuant strings were faster when they were presented in compatible curvy frames and vice versa. Several unpublished attempts at replication have failed to replicate this effect. Here I re-analyze the original data and report a failure to replicate my own effect. Although the re-analysis supports the original conclusions, it also uncovers some problematic features of the original effect.
Despite the lack of invariance problem (the many‐to‐many mapping between acoustics and percepts), human listeners experience phonetic constancy and typically perceive what a speaker intends. Most ...models of human speech recognition (HSR) have side‐stepped this problem, working with , idealized inputs and deferring the challenge of working with real speech. In contrast, carefully engineered deep learning networks allow robust, real‐world automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, the complexities of deep learning architectures and training regimens make it difficult to use them to provide direct insights into mechanisms that may support HSR. In this brief article, we report preliminary results from a two‐layer network that borrows one element from ASR, long short‐term memory nodes, which provide dynamic memory for a range of temporal spans. This allows the model to learn to map real speech from multiple talkers to semantic targets with high accuracy, with human‐like timecourse of lexical access and phonological competition. Internal representations emerge that resemble phonetically organized responses in human superior temporal gyrus, suggesting that the model develops a distributed phonological code despite no explicit training on phonetic or phonemic targets. The ability to work with real speech is a major advance for cognitive models of HSR.
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