The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included ...representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics—European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the findings in the final document. The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters define sarcopenia? (iii) What variables reflect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-off points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity? For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further define conceptual stages as ‘presarcopenia’, ‘sarcopenia’ and ‘severe sarcopenia’. EWGSOP reviewed a wide range of tools that can be used to measure the specific variables of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Our paper summarises currently available data defining sarcopenia cut-off points by age and gender; suggests an algorithm for sarcopenia case finding in older individuals based on measurements of gait speed, grip strength and muscle mass; and presents a list of suggested primary and secondary outcome domains for research. Once an operational definition of sarcopenia is adopted and included in the mainstream of comprehensive geriatric assessment, the next steps are to define the natural course of sarcopenia and to develop and define effective treatment.
This research was motivated by the fact that when doing futsal and football extracurricular activities, students experienced fatigue quickly for each team that competed and did not know the ...differences in the physical performance of futsal and football extracurricular students at SMP Negeri 1 Toboali. This study aimed to determine the differences in the physical performance of futsal and football extracurricular students at SMP Negeri 1 Toboali. This study used a quantitative method with a comparative type. The subjects in this study were all futsal and football extracurricular students of SMP Negeri 1 Toboali, totaling 28 people. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out using tests, including endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, balance, agility, and coordination. The data analysis technique used were the normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing using the paired samples T-test. Based on the results of statistical tests using the paired samples T-test (related T-test) between the physical performance data of football and futsal extracurricular students, the results obtained were the t-count value of 2.232. While with a significant level of 0.05, the t-table value was 1.771. It turned out that the value of the t-count was more significant than the value of the t-table (2.232 > 1.771). It showed that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, so it could be concluded that there is a significant difference in the physical performance of futsal and football extracurricular students at SMP Negeri 1 Toboali.
For older adults with heart failure (HF), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is often used to measure physical performance.
Rasch analysis revealed that SPPB had strong measurement ...properties in older adults with HF.
This result may help rehabilitation professionals use the SPPB as a physical performance scale in clinical practice to aid decision-making in intervention planning.
The physical function of older patients with heart failure (HF) is likely to decline, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is widely used for its evaluation. No study has analyzed the SPPB by using Rasch model in these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the structural validity and item response of the SPPB in older inpatients with HF.
In this multicenter cross-sectional study, we investigated 106 older inpatients with HF. We evaluated the SPPB's rating scale structure, unidimensionality, and measurement accuracy (0 = poor performance to 4 = normal performance).
The SPPB rating scale fulfilled the category functioning criteria. All items fit the underlying scale construct. The SPPB demonstrated adequate reliability (person reliability = 0.81) and separated persons into four strata: those with very low, low, moderate, and high physical performance. Item-difficulty measures were −0.59 to 0.96 logits, and regarding the person ability-item difficulty matching for the SPPB, the item was somewhat easy (the mean of person ability = 0.89 logits; mean of item difficulty = 0.00).
The SPPB has strong measurement properties and is an appropriate scale for quantitatively evaluating physical function in older patients with HF.
Introduction: Caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant, is recognized for its ability to block adenosine receptors, thereby enhancing alertness and possibly physical performance. Recent research ...examines caffeine's effectiveness in enhancing athletic performance, with numerous athletes supplementing with caffeine to gain a competitive edge. The aim of this study: This article examines the complex relationship between caffeine and the physical performance of athletes, including its effects on the central nervous system, metabolism, muscle function, and its application in a variety of sports, as well as potential gender differences and individual response variations. Materials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and Google Scholar web search engine using the key words caffeine, athletic performance, physical performance Conclusions: Caffeine boosts muscle, cognitive, and metabolic function in volleyball and cycling. Caffeine boosts muscle contractility, endurance, and focus, but details matter. Caffeine effects and sports outcomes vary by gender, emphasizing the need for individualized supplementation. Dosage, timing, and physiological conditions affect results, research shows. Caffeine boosts performance, but athletes, coaches, and practitioners should be careful. To maximize caffeine's benefits and minimize side effects, athletes must be treated individually and by sport.
Clinical and research interest in sarcopenia has burgeoned internationally, Asia included. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2014 consensus defined sarcopenia as "age-related loss of ...muscle mass, plus low muscle strength, and/or low physical performance" and specified cutoffs for each diagnostic component; research in Asia consequently flourished, prompting this update. AWGS 2019 retains the previous definition of sarcopenia but revises the diagnostic algorithm, protocols, and some criteria: low muscle strength is defined as handgrip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women; criteria for low physical performance are 6-m walk <1.0 m/s, Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9, or 5-time chair stand test ≥12 seconds. AWGS 2019 retains the original cutoffs for height-adjusted muscle mass: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, <7.0 kg/m
in men and <5.4 kg/m
in women; and bioimpedance, <7.0 kg/m
in men and <5.7 kg/m
in women. In addition, the AWGS 2019 update proposes separate algorithms for community vs hospital settings, which both begin by screening either calf circumference (<34 cm in men, <33 cm in women), SARC-F (≥4), or SARC-CalF (≥11), to facilitate earlier identification of people at risk for sarcopenia. Although skeletal muscle strength and mass are both still considered fundamental to a definitive clinical diagnosis, AWGS 2019 also introduces "possible sarcopenia," defined by either low muscle strength or low physical performance only, specifically for use in primary health care or community-based health promotion, to enable earlier lifestyle interventions. Although defining sarcopenia by body mass index-adjusted muscle mass instead of height-adjusted muscle mass may predict adverse outcomes better, more evidence is needed before changing current recommendations. Lifestyle interventions, especially exercise and nutritional supplementation, prevail as mainstays of treatment. Further research is needed to investigate potential long-term benefits of lifestyle interventions, nutritional supplements, or pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia in Asians.
The term sarcopenia was first introduced in 1988 by Irwin Rosenberg to define a condition of muscle loss that occurs in the elderly. Since then, a broader definition comprising not only loss of ...muscle mass, but also loss of muscle strength and low physical performance due to ageing or other conditions, was developed and published in consensus papers from geriatric societies. Sarcopenia was proposed to be diagnosed based on operational criteria using two components of muscle abnormalities, low muscle mass and low muscle function. This brought awareness of an important nutritional derangement with adverse outcomes for the overall health. In parallel, many studies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have shown that sarcopenia is a prevalent condition, mainly among patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) on hemodialysis (HD). In CKD, sarcopenia is not necessarily age-related as it occurs as a result of the accelerated protein catabolism from the disease and from the dialysis procedure per se combined with low energy and protein intakes. Observational studies showed that sarcopenia and especially low muscle strength is associated with worse clinical outcomes, including worse quality of life (QoL) and higher hospitalization and mortality rates. This review aims to discuss the differences in conceptual definition of sarcopenia in the elderly and in CKD, as well as to describe etiology of sarcopenia, prevalence, outcome, and interventions that attempted to reverse the loss of muscle mass, strength and mobility in CKD and ESKD patients.
Abstract
Background
in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people ...with sarcopenia. In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to update the original definition in order to reflect scientific and clinical evidence that has built over the last decade. This paper presents our updated findings.
Objectives
to increase consistency of research design, clinical diagnoses and ultimately, care for people with sarcopenia.
Recommendations
sarcopenia is a muscle disease (muscle failure) rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime; sarcopenia is common among adults of older age but can also occur earlier in life. In this updated consensus paper on sarcopenia, EWGSOP2: (1) focuses on low muscle strength as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, uses detection of low muscle quantity and quality to confirm the sarcopenia diagnosis, and identifies poor physical performance as indicative of severe sarcopenia; (2) updates the clinical algorithm that can be used for sarcopenia case-finding, diagnosis and confirmation, and severity determination and (3) provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify and characterise sarcopenia.
Conclusions
EWGSOP2's updated recommendations aim to increase awareness of sarcopenia and its risk. With these new recommendations, EWGSOP2 calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk for sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. We also encourage more research in the field of sarcopenia in order to prevent or delay adverse health outcomes that incur a heavy burden for patients and healthcare systems.
Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood (ILIB) is a low-level laser technique, that has systemic effects, including activation of the antioxidant system, inhibition of the systemic inflammatory ...process, increased blood fluidity and hemorrheological property on the red cells. However, the use of ILIB as an ergogenic resource in sports is little studied.
To investigate the acute influence of ILIB on muscle power and heart rate variability (HRV), in physically active individuals submitted to a submaximal effort test.
The study is a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. Nine male participants, university students, with a mean age of 24 ± 4.52 years and practitioners of regular physical activity were evaluated. The volunteers participated in the two intervention groups (ILIB and placebo) at different times. First, an evaluation session was carried out, being identified HRV indicators and blood lactate level at rest and in response to the stress test. After seven days, the participants received a session of the experimental protocol, which was drawn. After finishing these sessions, a reassessment was performed, getting data on HRV indicators and blood lactate level at rest and in response to the exercise test. After seven days, the entire data collect was repeated, however, the participants performed the remaining experimental protocol. The results were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA with repeated measures, complemented with the Bonferroni test. All conclusions were obtained at the 5% significance level.
For the physical performance variables, the Fatigue Index showed a significant difference (p<0.05) from the Post-Placebo moment (54.5±13.9) in relation to the Post-ILIB (45.1±9.9). Blood lactate showed a significant difference between moments (initial, post-test and after 15 min) within all groups. For HRV, in the time domain, the indices showed a significant difference (p<0.05) when comparing the moments within the interventions in relation to the initial moment. Furthermore, the RMSSD values were different between Pre-ILIB (3.54±0.44) against Post-ILIB (4.22±0.27); after the Wingate test, the Pre-Placebo (1.00±0.31) differed from the Post-Placebo (1.77±0.74). In the frequency domain, HF and LF/HF showed a significant difference (p<0.05) from Post-ILIB to Pre-ILIB after 15 min.
The study showed a possible relationship between the acute influence of the use of ILIB on parasympathetic activity. It did not show improvement in performance in an anaerobic test, but suggested a possible improvement in the ability to withstand high-intensity stimuli. The lack of ILIB studies in sports science, as well as the study's findings, suggest that more research should be done, using different protocols with different stimuli.
The ILIB can be useful for coaches and health professionals working with athletes, helping to optimize physical recovery, making it a resource for post-training recovery.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of time of day on short-term maximal performance and psychological variables in young females. Fifteen active women participated in the study (age: 22 ...± 3 years) and completed Hooper and the POMS-F questionnaires subsequently. In a randomized order, they performed a maximum of 30 s cycling exercise at two different times of day: in the morning at 07:00 h and in the afternoon at 16:00 h with a recovery period of 48 h. The digit cancellation test, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) test, and the lower quarter Y balance test were performed at the beginning and at the end of each session. Our results showed that only peak power and mean power (p < 0.01) during the maximum 30 s cycling, reaching distances during the Y-balance (p < 0.05), Jump height in CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01) as well as attention, vigor, and stress scores (all p < 0.01) were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Our results indicated a daily diurnal variation in short-term maximal performance and mood states in young athletic women with better performance observed during the afternoon.
•The study compared six frailty tools in older hypertensive outpatients.•Frailty predicted 1-year functional decline, independently of baseline function and comorbidities.•The CFS (score ≥4) ...predicted 1-year decline with 91 % negative predictive value.•CFS may help identify non-frail hypertensive patients at low risk of functional decline.
Few studies have evaluated frailty in older hypertensive individuals and the most appropriate tools to identify frailty in this population have yet to be identified. This study compared the performance of six frailty instruments in the prediction of 1-year functional decline in older hypertensive outpatients.
The HYPERtension and FRAILty in Older Adults (HYPER-FRAIL) longitudinal pilot study involved hypertensive participants ≥75 years from two geriatric outpatient clinics at Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy, undergoing identification of frailty with four frailty scales (Fried Frailty Phenotype, Frailty Index FI, Clinical Frailty Scale CFS, Frailty Postal Score) and two physical performance tests (Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB and gait speed). Prediction of 1-year functional decline (i.e. a ≥ 10-point Barthel Index decrease between baseline and follow-up) was examined based on ROC curve analysis and multivariable logistic regression.
Among 116 participants, 24 % reported functional decline. In the ROC curve analyses, FI (AUC=0.76), CFS (AUC=0.77), gait speed (AUC=0.73) and the SPPB (AUC=0.77) achieved the best predictive performance, with FI ≥0.21 and CFS ≥4 showing the highest sensitivity (82 %) and negative predictive value (91 %). Frailty identified with FI, CFS or physical performance tests was associated with an increased risk of 1-year functional decline, independently of baseline functional status and comorbidity burden.
FI, CFS and physical performance tests showed similar predictive ability for functional decline in hypertensive outpatients. The CFS and gait speed might be more suitable for clinical use and may be useful to identify non-frail individuals at lower risk of functional decline.
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