Energy gels are widely used as an ergogenic aid to enhance athletic performance. Most energy gels in the market contain mainly maltodextrin. Prolonged or high-intensity exercise can result in the ...formation of free radicals, oxidative stress in active muscle, and accelerated muscle fatigue which affect physical endurance performance. This study aimed to develop an antioxidant energy gel using jujube as the base ingredient. Jujube is rich in natural glucose, fructose, potassium, and ascorbic acid. The gel was fortified with 2.5% matcha powder with antioxidant properties. Other minor ingredients include whey protein and pectin. Sensory attributes of jujube matcha energy gel were evaluated by fifty panellists. The mean overall acceptability score of the energy gel was 6.94 out of 9 with an acceptance index of 77%. Jujube matcha energy gel contains 72.44% moisture, 16.30% carbohydrate, 7.72% protein, 1.33% fat, 2.21% ashes, and 108 cal/100 g. The energy gel exhibited a relatively high antioxidant activity with DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 83.26%, ferric reducing antioxidant power of 49.21 mg FE/g, total phenolic content of 29.36 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoids content of 7.54 mg CE/g. Twenty-meter beep tests were conducted to examine the effects of consuming jujube matcha gel on the physical performance of 10 active subjects (ages 18-25). Blood glucose, time to exhaustion, Borg rating of perceived exertion, and predicted VO2max were recorded. Overall, subjects were found to endure longer in the 20-meter beep test after consuming jujube matcha gel with an 18% improvement in time to exhaustion as compared to the control.
It is well recognized that poor muscle function and poor physical performance are strong predictors of clinically relevant adverse events in older people. Given the large number of approaches to ...measure muscle function and physical performance, clinicians often struggle to choose a tool that is appropriate and validated for the population of older people they deal with. In this paper, an overview of different methods available and applicable in clinical settings is proposed. This paper is based on literature reviews performed by members of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) working group on frailty and sarcopenia. Face-to-face meetings were organized afterwards where the whole group could amend and discuss the recommendations further. Several characteristics should be considered when choosing a tool: (1) purpose of the assessment (intervention, screening, diagnosis); (2) patient characteristics (population, settings, functional ability, etc.); (3) psychometric properties of the tool (test–retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, responsiveness, floor and ceiling effects, etc.); (4) applicability of the tool in clinical settings (overall cost, time required for the examination, level of training, equipment, patient acceptance, etc.); (5) prognostic reliability for relevant clinical outcomes. Based on these criteria and the available evidence, the expert group advises the use of grip strength to measure muscle strength and the use of 4-m gait speed or the Short Physical Performance Battery test to measure physical performance in daily practice. The tools proposed are relevant for the assessment of muscle weakness and physical performance. Subjects with low values should receive additional diagnostic workups to achieve a full diagnosis of the underlying condition responsible (sarcopenia, frailty or other).
Abstract
Background
Increasingly, lifestyle factors in midlife are reported to impact health and functional status in old age. This work examines associations between dietary trajectories in middle ...age and subsequent impairments in physical function.
Method
Data are from 851 participants (61% men, mean age at first dietary assessment = 47 years, range 30–59 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. We used latent class analysis to derive dietary trajectories based on adherence to the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI), and further classified them based on tertiles, as poor (score <39.3), intermediate (39.3–48.9), or good (>48.9). Physical function was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Random effects tobit regression models were used to examine associations between dietary trajectories and later physical function.
Results
Two latent classes of AHEI scores were generated and labeled “greatly improved” or “moderately improved.” In the greatly improved class, participants showed a trend in overall AHEI score from poor/intermediate to good diet categories across dietary assessments with age, over time. In the moderately improved class, the overall AHEI score shifted from poor to intermediate diet categories over time, and the prevalence of the good diet category remained low. Mean AHEI score between ages 30 and 59 years was higher in the greatly, than moderately, improved class. The moderately improved class had 1.6 points lower SPPB score (indicating poorer physical function) at older age than the greatly improved class (p = .022).
Conclusions
Findings suggest that improving diet quality in middle age may contribute to better physical function in older age.
Background
Activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are essential for independent living and are predictors of morbidity and mortality in older ...populations. Older adults who are dependent in ADLs and IADLs are also more likely to have poor muscle measures defined as low muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance, which further limit their ability to perform activities. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to determine if muscle measures are predictive of ADL and IADL in older populations.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted using four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL) from date of inception to 7 June 2018. Longitudinal cohorts were included that reported baseline muscle measures defined by muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in conjunction with prospective ADL or IADL in participants aged 65 years and older at follow‐up. Meta‐analyses were conducted using a random effect model.
Results
Of the 7760 articles screened, 83 articles were included for the systematic review and involved a total of 108 428 (54.8% female) participants with a follow‐up duration ranging from 11 days to 25 years. Low muscle mass was positively associated with ADL dependency in 5/9 articles and 5/5 for IADL dependency. Low muscle strength was associated with ADL dependency in 22/34 articles and IADL dependency in 8/9 articles. Low physical performance was associated with ADL dependency in 37/49 articles and with IADL dependency in 9/11 articles. Forty‐five articles were pooled into the meta‐analyses, 36 reported ADL, 11 reported IADL, and 2 reported ADL and IADL as a composite outcome. Low muscle mass was associated with worsening ADL (pooled odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 3.19 (1.29–7.92)) and worsening IADL (1.28 (1.02–1.61)). Low handgrip strength was associated with both worsening ADL and IADL (1.51 (1.34–1.70); 1.59 (1.04–2.31) respectively). Low scores on the short physical performance battery and gait speed were associated with worsening ADL (3.49 (2.47–4.92); 2.33 (1.58–3.44) respectively) and IADL (3.09 (1.06–8.98); 1.93 (1.69–2.21) respectively). Low one leg balance (2.74 (1.31–5.72)), timed up and go (3.41 (1.86–6.28)), and chair stand test time (1.90 (1.63–2.21)) were associated with worsening ADL.
Conclusions
Muscle measures at baseline are predictors of future ADL and IADL dependence in the older adult population.
At the 67th Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting, a preconference workshop was convened to discuss the challenges of accurately assessing physical activity in older populations. The ...advent of wearable technology (eg, accelerometers) to monitor physical activity has created unprecedented opportunities to observe, quantify, and define physical activity in the real-world setting. These devices enable researchers to better understand the associations of physical activity with aging, and subsequent health outcomes. However, a consensus on proper methodological use of these devices in older populations has not been established. To date, much of the validation research regarding device type, placement, and data interpretation has been performed in younger, healthier populations, and translation of these methods to older populations remains problematic. A better understanding of these devices, their measurement properties, and the data generated is imperative to furthering our understanding of daily physical activity, its effects on the aging process, and vice versa. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the highlights of the preconference workshop, including properties of the different types of accelerometers, the methodological challenges of employing accelerometers in older study populations, a brief summary of ongoing aging-related research projects that utilize different types of accelerometers, and recommendations for future research directions.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of home-based dynamic jumping exercise (DJE) in middle-aged with prehypertension. Sedentary individuals were recruited from Banphai district, Khon Kaen, ...Thailand. Thirty (30) eligible subjects were randomly allocated to the control (CG) and exercise (EX) groups. The CG was instructed about lifestyle modification, and the EX was asked to act like the CG but additionally elongated with DJE program for 8 wk (50 min/day, 3 d/wk at moderate intensity). The primary outcomes were systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). There are four secondary outcomes – including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), timed up and go test (TUGT), and quality of life (QOL). After the 8-wk program, the EX significantly improved in all outcomes from baseline (p < 0.001) except TUGT (p = 0.07) and QOL. On the other hand, the environmental domain of QOL significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the CG from baseline. However, significant differences were found in SBP, DBP, FTSST, and TUGT between the groups except for cfPWV (p = 0.06). In conclusion, the DJE program in combination with lifestyle modification was considered a non-pharmacological intervention for controlling blood pressure and improving physical performance in middle-aged adults with prehypertension.
There is a growing body of evidence that links nutrition to muscle mass, strength and function in older adults, suggesting that it has an important role to play both in the prevention and management ...of sarcopenia. This review summarises the discussions of a working group ESCEO working group meeting 8th September 2016 that met to review current evidence and to consider its implications for preventive and treatment strategies. The review points to the importance of ‘healthier’ dietary patterns that are adequate in quality in older age, to ensure sufficient intakes of protein, vitamin D, antioxidant nutrients and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In particular, there is substantial evidence to support the roles of dietary protein and physical activity as key anabolic stimuli for muscle protein synthesis. However, much of the evidence is observational and from high-income countries. Further high-quality trials, particularly from more diverse populations, are needed to enable an understanding of dose and duration effects of individual nutrients on function, to elucidate mechanistic links, and to define optimal profiles and patterns of nutrient intake for older adults.
Skeletal muscle performance and ageing Tieland, Michael; Trouwborst, Inez; Clark, Brian C.
Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle,
February 2018, Letnik:
9, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The world population is ageing rapidly. As society ages, the incidence of physical limitations is dramatically increasing, which reduces the quality of life and increases healthcare expenditures. In ...western society, ~30% of the population over 55 years is confronted with moderate or severe physical limitations. These physical limitations increase the risk of falls, institutionalization, co‐morbidity, and premature death. An important cause of physical limitations is the age‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass, also referred to as sarcopenia. Emerging evidence, however, clearly shows that the decline in skeletal muscle mass is not the sole contributor to the decline in physical performance. For instance, the loss of muscle strength is also a strong contributor to reduced physical performance in the elderly. In addition, there is ample data to suggest that motor coordination, excitation–contraction coupling, skeletal integrity, and other factors related to the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems are critically important for physical performance in the elderly. To better understand the loss of skeletal muscle performance with ageing, we aim to provide a broad overview on the underlying mechanisms associated with elderly skeletal muscle performance. We start with a system level discussion and continue with a discussion on the influence of lifestyle, biological, and psychosocial factors on elderly skeletal muscle performance. Developing a broad understanding of the many factors affecting elderly skeletal muscle performance has major implications for scientists, clinicians, and health professionals who are developing therapeutic interventions aiming to enhance muscle function and/or prevent mobility and physical limitations and, as such, support healthy ageing.
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