Abstract
Rating systems for evaluating the sustainability of communities are an essential tool that is increasingly applied throughout the developed world to set criteria indicators to optimize the ...physical, social, economic, and environmental potential within such communities. Rating systems vary based on existing disparities among societies and their unique building and physical planning practices. Iraqi cities lacked the adaptation of a formal methodology or sustainability rating system to correctly measure the built environment’s sustainability indicators. This research attempts to review the most substantial rating systems to measure the sustainability of communities worldwide to form a point of departure. In conclusion, the Article attempts to delineate relevant parameters to develop a local model to evaluate the suitability levels of communities in urban centres per regional environmental characteristics.
This study examines planning criteria and models for the development of urban settlements situated along the coastline of Boka Kotorska. In the period between 1940 and 2006, coastal settlements ...underwent great transformations that changed their historical image and the image of the immediate landscape significantly. The transformations resulted from political, economic and sociological changes occurring within the observed period. Consequently, huge transformations of the urban structure and the appearance of certain settlements are noticeable. Based on the available archival material (topographic maps, plans and drafts of the settlement or its parts in different scales), statistical data and the analysis of completed scientific research in this area, the analysis and comparison of the expansion of Boka Kotorska settlements as well as analysis of their urban transformation was conducted. Defining and using criteria based on recognizing the features of the subject area is a prerequisite for the planned development of Montenegrin coastal settlements, both regarding built and nonbuilt or ruined structures of the subject area. By identifying planning criteria and models, and upon conducting the systematic examination and valuation of physical planning documentation, new planning criteria and models for the improvement of Boka Kotorska coastal settlements have been proposed—ones that can be used in practice, i.e., for the development of physical planning documentation, studies and expertise.
Coastal areas all over the world are usually exposed to intensive change and transformation processes resulting in a variety of natural, physical, and socio-economic problems. Körfez province, ...located along the İzmit Bay of Marmara Sea, Turkey, has been one of these coastal areas that has become a major point for industrial facilities and highly populated urbanized area since 1960s. Therefore, the analysis of the spatial changes in the land use patterns of the province has a critical role in the success of the physical planning processes and the protection of the coastal areas. In order to highlight this critical role, temporal change detection analysis for Körfez province covering a 6-year period and 5 land use classes was made using 2009 and 2015 SPOT imagery and thematic maps. Reclassified CORINE data, development plans, and land survey results were benefited for the supervised classification of the images. Four hundred eighty control points for each year were used to achieve a strong accuracy tested by Kappa coefficient. The spatio-temporal change detection results revealed a 22.5% and 2.3% decrease in agricultural lands and sea areas respectively, while there was an increase of 16.6% in forest-green areas, 6.4% in settlement areas, and 74.1% in lake areas. The results are believed to be significant input data to facilitate coastal and physical development planning over the area, and thus make sustainable land use decisions to protect the delicate landscape and coastal characteristics, while providing a sound risk management plan.
The promotion of tourism has been considered to be a key strategy in reducing people's dependence on marine resources and for creating alternative livelihoods for the communities living in Marine ...Protected Areas (MPAs). This paper studies the determinants for the decision of participation in tourism-related activities and examines whether tourism could be regarded as an alternative livelihood for the local people living in the MPAs. The propensity score matching approach is employed and a case study of Nha Trang Bay MPA is used for analysis with data from 140 locals. The results show that the tourism industry in the MPAs does not secure a better income for the local people if they stop their traditional livelihoods and enter the tourism industry. In other words, tourism should not be viewed in isolation with other existing income generating activities. Furthermore, low education, long distances between home and tourism destinations, and the pressure of supporting the whole family are the primary rationales preventing local people living in MPAs from participating in tourism industry. This paper discusses implications for the management of MPAs in developing countries, where tourism is used as the main strategy to diversify the local people out of traditional fishing or aquaculture.
•MPAs are recognized as a conservation tool for high marine biodiversity.•Tourism livelihood is expected to replace traditional fishing and aquaculture in MPAs.•Tourism can act as a supplemental income rather than an alternative livelihood.•Low education, poor transportation, and financial pressure are the rationales for not participating in tourism.
Urbanisation and land supply are real problems in many urban centres. Due to the concentration of people in towns and cities beyond their capacities and lateral urban expansion into the peripheries, ...municipal facilities and resources, particularly land, are constrained or overstretched to engender unfavourable competition among land uses. In this way, less economic yielding land use like cemeteries are competed out. This study, therefore, explored the trio of urbanisation, land supply and how the Ghanaian physical planning system contribute to sustaining cemetery land use in the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area of Ghana. Having been underpinned by the interpretive research paradigm, the study correspondingly used qualitative research methodological approaches including in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions to collect data through audio tape recording from thirty (30) interviews which were transcribed and analysed. Findings of the study include encroachment on cemeteries primarily by traditional leaders for economic gains, acute shortage of burial spaces in the metropolis’ cemeteries leading to congestion and re-use of old graves with shallow depths in order not to disturb earlier interments. Unfortunately too, the physical planning system does not provide for detailed and conscious planning for cemeteries to sustain them. To help deal with the situation, policy measures have been suggested.
•Urbanisation and natural population growth are constraining land availability for cemetery land use in Cities including the Greater Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana.•Burial plots have become expensive due to the shortage of spaces in urban cemeteries for burial of the dead.•Re-use of old graves has been adopted as a coping strategy in Ghana’s cities with potential environmental and public health risks due to shallowness of the graves.•Governmental acquisition of land for cemeteries in the cities is apt to provide burial spaces and curtail associated risks due to shallow depths of the re-used graves.•Conscious land use planning for cementeries should be considered to ensure sustainability of cemeteries in urban Ghana and other cities.
To understand the creation and propagation of knowledge in planning, this research provides the first look at planning specialization development. In assessing planning’s educational response to ...internal expertise, federal mandates, and historic precedents, we queried the seventy-six accredited planning schools on the evolution of concentrations and certificates offered from 1950 to the present day. We identify pedagogical trends by following the arc of program creation and retirement, intersectionality, and prevalence. Drawing parallels from the most well-established subfields of social and physical planning, this paper offers recommendations for formalizing new knowledge, such as food systems planning. We conclude with the observation that continued innovation and diversity of specializations is a key to planning’s resilience at the nexus of an ever-evolving constellation of fields.
Context and background: This study argues that government schemes to serve petty traders in Tanzania remain unsustainable mostly due to poor consideration of the impact the socio-economic linkage has ...on location determinants. Goal and Objectives: This research aimed to understand how the articulation of petty trading operations with larger traders, directly or indirectly, influences location decisions. Methodology: The core of this research was based on a case study approach that involved surveys of petty traders and interviews with large-scale traders at the Mwenge trading center, along with documents review. Results: Petty traders select locations that maximize functioning as an economic enterprise and moderate survival risks. That is, the location of the trade is selected based on social ties, but the petty traders’ success depends on economic links established with larger traders, from whom they get their merchandise, and over which they have very little control. The implications of these findings are: the level of articulation that governs location decisions, drags down the sustainability of government schemes, and gives rise to serious damage to the urban fabric; and two, the analysis of backward linkages combined with other location determinants provides the background against which the petty trading spaces identification, planning and designing could be analyzed.
In a typical RTL to GDSII flow, floorplanning or macro placement is a critical step in achieving decent quality of results (QoR). Moreover, in today's physical synthesis flows (e.g., Synopsys Fusion ...Compiler or Cadence Genus iSpatial), a floorplan.def with macro and IO pin placements is typically needed as an input to the front-end physical synthesis. Recently, with the increasing complexity of IP blocks, and in particular with auto-generated RTL for machine learning (ML) accelerators, the number of macros in a single RTL block can easily run into the several hundreds. This makes the task of generating an automatic floorplan (.def) with IO pin and macro placements for front-end physical synthesis even more critical and challenging. The so-called peripheral approach of forcing macros to the periphery of the layout is no longer viable when the ratio of the sum of the macro perimeters to the floorplan perimeter is large, since this increases the required stacking depth of macros. In this article, we develop a novel multilevel physical planning approach that exploits the hierarchy and dataflow inherent in the design RTL, and describe its realization in a new hierarchical macro placer, Hier-RTLMP. Hier-RTLMP borrows from traditional approaches used in manual system-on-chip (SoC) floorplanning to create an automatic macro placement for use with large IP blocks containing very large numbers of macros. Empirical studies demonstrate substantial improvements over the previous RTL-MP macro placement approach (Kahng et al., 2022), and promising post-route improvements relative to a leading commercial place-and-route tool.
In recent decades, an emerging literature on Agricultural Parks (APs) has described and theorized their variations in the different countries where they have been debated and/or implemented. This ...paper aims to conceptualize an AP in the Spanish context by analyzing case-studies. The review of the existing international literature on APs is followed by a set of analytical criteria to select pertinent case-studies and construct three analytical clusters consisting of several variables. The results of the comparative assessment of 19 selected case-studies are then presented. The analytical results obtained are compared against the available literature, highlighting several contentious findings which are contrary to the researchers’ expectations, including the quasi absent physical planning dimension of APs. The paper concludes that, counter to previous aprioristic and deductive AP literature, APs are not consistent across jurisdictions despite making use of the same name. By contrast, they merely share some soft features that are made explicit here, leading towards a final proposed conceptualization of APs.
•The APs analyzed in Spain are not all consistent simply because they use the same name.•The APs analyzed in Spain encompass a vision for preserving farmlands and farming activities.•AP in Spain basically implies a brand or marketing label.•Physical land-use planning is a quasi-absent dimension in the APs analyzed in Spain.
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