In recent decades, an emerging literature on Agricultural Parks (APs) has described and theorized their variations in the different countries where they have been debated and/or implemented. This ...paper aims to conceptualize an AP in the Spanish context by analyzing case-studies. The review of the existing international literature on APs is followed by a set of analytical criteria to select pertinent case-studies and construct three analytical clusters consisting of several variables. The results of the comparative assessment of 19 selected case-studies are then presented. The analytical results obtained are compared against the available literature, highlighting several contentious findings which are contrary to the researchers’ expectations, including the quasi absent physical planning dimension of APs. The paper concludes that, counter to previous aprioristic and deductive AP literature, APs are not consistent across jurisdictions despite making use of the same name. By contrast, they merely share some soft features that are made explicit here, leading towards a final proposed conceptualization of APs.
•The APs analyzed in Spain are not all consistent simply because they use the same name.•The APs analyzed in Spain encompass a vision for preserving farmlands and farming activities.•AP in Spain basically implies a brand or marketing label.•Physical land-use planning is a quasi-absent dimension in the APs analyzed in Spain.
•Both public and private allotments are nature-based solutions with particularly positive impacts on the health and well-being of their users.•The impact on the environment, and especially on the ...biodiversity of a public allotment garden, is more significant than that of a private one.•Public and private allotment gardens are not competitive, but complement each other.•The freedom of cultivation and the freedom of access seem to be the main criteria to cultivate private or public allotment garden.•The role of both types of allotment gardens in mitigating unfavourable climatic conditions can and should be increased and further developed.
Many European countries witness growing interest in allotment gardening. Thus, private allotment gardens (AGs) have been created in some countries, including Spain. As a result, there are places where non-consumptive and commodified allotment gardens coexist. The paper presents an in-depth comparison of public and private AGs through the lens of the nature-based solutions (NBS) concept. First, we assess the importance that gardeners attribute to the spectrum of environmental and socio-economic impacts provided by both types of AGs; we identify differences and similarities in their development and management, and assess the demographic and socioeconomic profile of gardeners. Subsequently, we discuss gardeners’ and other stakeholders’ opinions on both types of AGs and explore the roles that they can play as solutions for urban policy challenges. Our results show that both types of AGs are nature-based solutions with particularly positive impacts on the health and well-being of their users. These gardens do not compete but complement each other, fostered by their role as multifunctional nature-based solutions. Moreover, the option of cultivating a private or a public AG seems to be more linked to the freedom of cultivation and the freedom of access rather than economic reasons. We conclude that in the current complex scenario, public and private AGs must have territorial, legal and institutional frameworks within all urban policies that explore NBS.
This article is about the economic role of the primaeval layouts (plats) for a new development area as a conscious act of physical planning. It explains that these foundational layouts of a town or ...country in the ‘new world’ were traditionally the work of a surveyor, the impacts of which have been lasting. Typically following a grid iron pattern, with roots in ancient history, the layout of the surveyor may not look attractive. Yet, it has stood the test of time and continued to condition modern development. It serves two significant economic functions. First, it reduces several types of transaction costs, namely, those of competition for land, valuation allocation, identification and subdivision of land as well as revising a layout. Second, it serves to achieve agglomeration, establish a proprietary and common setting and provide vital information as different forms of public good.
Spatial planning has a vital role to play in the move to a low carbon energy future and in adapting to climate change. To do this, spatial planning must develop and implement new approaches.
...Elizabeth Wilson and Jake Piper explore a wide range of issues in this comprehensive book on the relationship between our changing climate and spatial planning, and suggest ways of addressing the challenges by taking a longer-sighted approach to our preparation for the future. This text includes:
an overview of what we know already about future climate change and its impacts, as we attempt both to adapt to these changes and to reduce the emissions which cause them
the role of spatial planning in relation to climate change, offering some theoretical and political explanations for the challenges that planning faces in the coming decades
a review of policy and legislation at international, EU and UK levels in regard to climate change, and the support this gives to the planning system
case studies detailing what responses the UK and the Netherlands have made so far in light of the evidence
ways to help new and existing urban developments to reduce energy use and to adapt to climate change, through strengthening the relationships between urban and rural areas to avoid water shortage, floods or loss of biodiversity.
The authors take an evidence-based look at this hugely important topic, providing a well-illustrated text for spatial planning professionals, politicians and the interested public, as well as a useful reference for postgraduate planning, geography, urban studies, urban design and environmental studies students.
Elizabeth Wilson is Reader in Environmental Planning in the School of the Built Environment at Oxford Brookes University. She lectures and researches in the responses of spatial planning, environmental assessment and sustainability policy to climate change. She has recently worked on research studies on adaptation strategies in urban areas, and on the response of European biodiversity policy to climate change.
Jake Piper is a Senior Research Fellow in the School of the Built Environment at Oxford Brookes University. She has research and consultancy experience in economic and environmental assessment across sectors including transport, forestry and water. Recently she has worked on studies of policy development and spatial planning as related to climate change and biodiversity (for the EU), as well as rural development.
"Wilson and Piper’s book is essential reading for anyone interested in the nexus between spatial planning and climate change." - Australian Planner
"...the Spatial Planning and Climate Change book is excellent and much needed - it's essential reading on our environmental modules." - Dr. Aidan While, University of Sheffield
Part 1: Introduction 1. Spatial Planning, Climate Change and Sustainable Development 2. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Impacts and Opportunities 3. International, European and National Policy Frameworks Part 2: Perspectives 4. Discourses of Climate Change and Spatial Planning 5. Multi-Scalar Spatial Planning for Climate Change 6. Just Transitions: Horizons, Time-Scales and Equity 7. Environmental Impact Assessment for Climate Change in Spatial Planning Part 3: Spatial Planning in Practice 8. Strategic Planning for Low-Carbon and Resilient Development Pattern 9. Climate Change and the Built Environment 10. Planning for Water Resources under Climate Change 11. Planning for Climate Change: Flood Risk and Marine and Coastal Areas 12. Planning for Biodiversity under Climate Change Part 4: Prospects 13. Climate Change Learning, Knowledge and Communication amongst Spatial Planning Communities 14. Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation for Sustainable Development
Abstract The trend of urbanization forms a sustainable urban urgency through the planning of land use and infrastructure. In fulfilling urban productivity, these plans are often fragmented. This ...phenomenon occurs surrounding the Wijayakusuma Industrial Area, Semarang City. As a generator/vibrant of the economy and surrounding area, industry coexists with uncontrolled and non-standard infrastructure. The research aims to analyze the impact of industrial development on the infrastructure sustainability within and surrounding the Wijayakusuma Industrial Area. The study used a qualitative approach with mapping techniques, document review, and in-depth interviews that were analyzed descriptively and spatially. The results show that the attractiveness and economic potential of the industry have a strong impact on increasing infrastructure needs. However, the authority for independent infrastructure planning has resulted in the industry only focusing on internal but has not considered the impact/system unity of the surrounding infrastructure, like slums, not-interconnected, and non-standard infrastructure so it is not sustainable. The novelty is an infrastructure impact solution considering vibrant concepts in industrial strategic areas, through the concept of handling existing infrastructure, alternative infrastructure provision, especially livable and sustainable housing for workers, increasing access through TOD/neighborhood units, also physical planning and control policies.
A small number of nations control the vast majority of the world’s coal reserves. The geologically available amounts of coal are vast, but geological availability is not enough to ensure future ...production since economics and restrictions also play an important role. Historical trends in reserve and resource assessments can provide some insight about future coal supply and provide reasonable limits for modelling. This study uses a logistic model to create long-term outlooks for global coal production. A global peak in coal production can be expected between 2020 and 2050, depending on estimates of recoverable volumes. This is also compared with other forecasts. The overall conclusion is that the global coal production could reach a maximum level much sooner than most observers expect.
The use of quantitative analysis and related metrics has traditionally been unusual for assessment of ecological impacts in urban planning. Since 2010, however, quantitative modelling has been ...increasingly used in such contexts in Sweden to analyze ecological connectivity. The study reviews and analyses 21 connectivity analysis reports (CAR) based on 17 criteria. Despite the use of quantitative analysis, CARs primarily leverage qualitative aspects of modelling results. Most CARs comply with about 50% of the proposed criteria and close to 90% of the reports fail to address some issues related to modelling transparency and therefore jeopardize an adequate ecological interpretation of the results. The results demonstrate that the primary accomplishment during the last decade is an increase in awareness and acceptance of ecological connectivity among practitioners and decisionmakers. Results point to that an increased use of quantitative methods per se will not deliver more sustainable outcomes, and that an increased use of quantitative methods for ecological impact assessment in urban planning needs to be accompanied by guidelines, standards, and a continuous science - practice knowledge exchange.
The assessment of future global oil production presented in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2008 (WEO 2008) is divided into 6 fractions; four relate to crude oil, one to non-conventional oil, and the ...final fraction is natural-gas-liquids (NGL). Using the production parameter, depletion-rate-of-recoverable-resources, we have analyzed the four crude oil fractions and found that the 75
Mb/d of crude oil production forecast for year 2030 appears significantly overstated, and is more likely to be in the region of 55
Mb/d. Moreover, analysis of the other fractions strongly suggests lower than expected production levels. In total, our analysis points to a world oil supply in 2030 of 75
Mb/d, some 26
Mb/d lower than the IEA predicts.
The connection between economic growth and energy use is fundamental in the IEA’s present modelling approach. Since our forecast sees little chance of a significant increase in global oil production, our findings suggest that the “
policy makers, investors and end users” to whom WEO 2008 is addressed should rethink their future plans for economic growth. The fact that global oil production has very probably passed its maximum implies that we have reached the Peak of the Oil Age.
Approaching the analysis of climate policies from a spatial organization perspective is necessary for realizing both efficient and effective mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In ...particular, it allows assessing the potential contribution of specific mechanisms of spatial organization and related spatial planning and policy to climate policy goals. So far, this spatial organization angle of climate policy has hardly received attention in the literature. The main sector significantly contributing to GHG emissions and sensitive to spatial organization and planning is urban transport. A qualitative evaluation of the available spatial organization policy options is provided, on the basis of four standard ‘E criteria’ and a decomposition of CO
2 emissions.
This article discusses how professionals understand the theory and practice of children's participation in physical planning processes. Drawing on group discussions between Swedish professionals we ...analyse how children's participation is understood and negotiated, and why it is problematic to implement. The participants had difficulties in understanding the difference between participation and consultation, as well as recognising children as social actors with competences. We argue that while Swedish children have a strong position in society, they are excluded from planning processes due to the rigidity of the planning process, neoliberal influences and planners' lack of competence.
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