•Socialist planning institutions play a role in peripheral land-use dynamics in Belarus and Russia.•In Belarus (Mahilioŭ) the role of socialist legacies is stronger and urban sprawl is less ...prominent.•In Pskov the most important limits to urban sprawl are set by budget/investment limitations.•Due to centralised budget allocation, strategic development decisions are taken at national level.•Regulations are often misused to cover rent-seeking disguised as “progressive intentions”.
The status of urban forests and other green open spaces has always been ambiguous within the context of rural-urban peripheries. On one hand, most European countries have introduced protected green zones around cities to contain their sprawl and to provide urban dwellers recreational space and sanitation services since the early days of city planning policies. On the other hand, the ecosystems of green open areas remain under high pressure due to high demand for suburban land, causing issues ranging from illegal dumping to ecosystem fragmentation and forest loss. In Eastern Europe, in particular in the former USSR, rural-urban peripheries went through series of socio-economic transitions that resulted in complex interplays of socialist and post-socialist institutions. In this paper we explore these interplays in the context of land-use dynamics of rural-urban peripheries of two middle-sized cities in Belarus (Mahilioŭ) and Russia (Pskov), with particular attention to open green spaces and environmental status of their ecosystems. We describe the properties of the rural-urban peripheries of Mahilioŭ and Pskov, offer an overview of legal frameworks and actor networks involved in the planning policies, and describe land-use pressure on ecosystems. Then, we discuss dilemmas of spatial planning in rural–urban, including spatial investment, regulation, and spatial intervention dilemmas. Planning process in the two cities demonstrates a search for compromise between a compact city cherished by the socialist planning tradition (and supported by planners’ backgrounds and existing regulatory frameworks), and the increasingly noticeable tendency toward urban sprawl.
This article discusses how professionals understand the theory and practice of children's participation in physical planning processes. Drawing on group discussions between Swedish professionals we ...analyse how children's participation is understood and negotiated, and why it is problematic to implement. The participants had difficulties in understanding the difference between participation and consultation, as well as recognising children as social actors with competences. We argue that while Swedish children have a strong position in society, they are excluded from planning processes due to the rigidity of the planning process, neoliberal influences and planners' lack of competence.
Automatic urban land cover classification is a fundamental problem in remote sensing, e.g., for environmental monitoring. The problem is highly challenging, as classes generally have high interclass ...and low intraclass variances. Techniques to improve urban land cover classification performance in remote sensing include fusion of data from different sensors with different data modalities. However, such techniques require all modalities to be available to the classifier in the decision-making process, i.e., at test time, as well as in training. If a data modality is missing at test time, current state-of-the-art approaches have in general no procedure available for exploiting information from these modalities. This represents a waste of potentially useful information. We propose as a remedy a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for urban land cover classification which is able to embed all available training modalities in the so-called hallucination network. The network will in effect replace missing data modalities in the test phase, enabling fusion capabilities even when data modalities are missing in testing. We demonstrate the method using two datasets consisting of optical and digital surface model (DSM) images. We simulate missing modalities by assuming that DSM images are missing during testing. Our method outperforms both standard CNNs trained only on optical images as well as an ensemble of two standard CNNs. We further evaluate the potential of our method to handle situations where only some DSM images are missing during testing. Overall, we show that we can clearly exploit training time information of the missing modality during testing.
The Gated Community housing concept has enjoyed increasing popularity in recent years in Malaysia, especially in urban areas. This has, however, given rise to various contentious issues relating to ...the physical planning of gated community housing where such development has not been properly controlled, and where designated standards of planning are not observed. This study is a review based on case studies aimed at examining significant issues that arise in the physical planning of gated community housing. The findings identify such issues as facilities, accessibility, townscape changes and permeability to non-residents. Other problems that arise include conflicts with local authorities, compatibility of guardhouses and physical barriers with existing guidelines, and friction between residents of the community with those from adjacent areas. This study examines how applying the theories of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) in the orderly development of gated communities might achieve a high level of physical security and better understanding among residents in the community.
•On farm business structure diversification (OFBSD) near Copenhagen, DK is analysed.•A new approach to examine resource use (buildings, space, rural assets) is applied.•60% of all land owners were ...involved in OFBSD activities.•Most activities might just as well be located in an urban setting.•existing planning regulations do not reflect current farm ownership patterns.
Farm diversification presents important development opportunities and challenges in peri-urban landscapes. New economic activities in left over farm buildings have traditionally been seen as a way to broaden the income base in particular in more remote areas. The positive economic effects needs to be balanced with the negative effects of the hidden urbanization that may convert rural areas to de facto urban areas and an inefficient use of demarcated industrial zones. Nowhere is the range of interests and competition for land greater than in peri-urban areas, which therefore represent special planning challenges. We investigated the patterns and processes of On-farm Business Structure Diversification (OFBSD) in Greater Copenhagen, with a particular focus on the use of three resources: land, buildings and rural assets for OFBSD activities as well as the motives behind farm purchase. The results are based on a case study with 146 farm owners. They show that 60% of all land owners were involved in OFBSD activities. No significant relationship with particular farm or farmer characteristics was detected. An estimation of resource use indicates that buildings are essential for 95% of the OFBSD activities, while 47% and 31% of the activities rely on the use of outdoor space or nearby rural assets. The results indicate that most activities are “footloose” and might as well be located in an urban setting. Furthermore, the results indicate that many farm owners purchased their farm based on a range of motives, combining both private and business considerations. This result has important planning implications, as physical planning regulation traditionally has focused on separate domains of interest, which corresponds poorly with current dynamics of OFBSD activities in peri-urban areas.
Fire disasters are common in unplanned areas of African cities. In urban Ghana, recent increases in fire outbreaks from gas and petrol stations with devastating effects on adjoining land uses raise ...questions about the effectiveness of the current zoning regulations and land-use planning regimes. Using Tamale Metropolis, a fast growing city in northern Ghana, this paper explores how land use planning and zoning practices reduce fire risk from gas and petrol stations. The study adopted qualitative methods of in-depth interviews of 35 metropolitan officials, 39 landowners and 78 operators of gas and petrol stations, purposively selected. In addition, the locations of all gas stations were visited and observed using site analysis techniques. The study revealed that there has been no accidental fires in the last decade. The Tamale Metropolitan Assembly, through its Physical Planning Department and Spatial Planning Committee implements its land use decisions and zoning codes through monthly sensitization programs, field visits and effective monitoring of adherence and compliance with development permits given to operators of gas stations. The study recommends intensified and sustained land use planning and zoning enforcement in rapidly urbanizing cities in Ghana.
This paper provides insights into the handling of climate change issues related to cultural heritage at different government decision levels dealing with physical planning, and in particular roads. ...Data are derived from a qualitative analysis of official reports and interviews with local and regional planners in three Swedish regions with contrasting climates. The theoretical lens of Institutional Interplay is applied to an analysis grouped into six themes: Climate threats to cultural heritage, Adaptation measures, Preparedness, Institutional preconditions, Institutional interplay, and Challenges. The results suggest that despite a strong environmental reputation internationally, Sweden is not particularly well prepared for dealing with future climate change impacts on cultural heritage and landscape. The lack of national standards and standardised methods risks regional and sectoral variation in the treatment of similar tasks, a problem which deficiencies in knowledge and continuing education are perpetuating. The degree to which discussions and cooperation occur between divisions within the same authority, between authorities, and in national networks varies considerably. Routines and criteria for prioritisation of cultural heritage mitigation, essential under conditions of limited resources, have yet to have been implemented. We conclude with five recommendations for improving the planning process with respect to climate change risks to cultural heritage.
► We review effects of habitat network dynamics on metapopulation viability. ► Adapting spatial or temporal network properties can improve species viability. ► We translate scientific findings into ...guidelines for spatial planning. ► A research agenda is presented to bridge knowledge gaps in planning practise.
Habitat dynamics (habitat turnover due to natural perturbations or human activity) are commonplace, particularly in intensively used landscapes. Conservation planning requires an understanding of how spatio-temporal habitat dynamics and species characteristics interact with and relate to species persistence. We conducted a systematic literature review to determine how spatial and temporal properties of habitat networks can be changed to improve species viability in dynamic landscapes. We searched for both generalities that can be interpreted as spatial planning guidelines and gaps in knowledge that limit the application in spatial planning. Seventy studies matched our inclusion criteria. From these studies, we extracted knowledge regarding the role of four spatial and five temporal network properties (e.g. network area and habitat turnover rate) for species viability. We found that improving spatial network properties often effectively counterbalances the negative effects of habitat dynamics. Furthermore, changes in several temporal properties can alleviate the impact on species viability, for example, by reducing clustering in habitat turnover events. From these findings, we formulated a first set of general qualitative guidelines for planning practices. Moreover, we identified gaps between the available and required knowledge for planning ecological networks in dynamic landscapes, thereby leading to a research priority list containing the following recommendations: (1) provide guidance regarding the effective management of network properties; (2) compare alternate management regimes and their cost-effectiveness; (3) study management regimes for a wide range of species and habitat properties. Given the continuing climate change and economic development, guiding network design—including habitat dynamics—is urgently needed.
Abstract
Products of the Ongole Crossbreed Cattle (OCC) and the Kacang Goat (KG). The research materials used consisted of red offal (RO), white offal (WO), and dark offal (DO). Through laboratory ...analysis using random purposive sampling and quantitative descriptively analyzed data, the cholesterol content of Indonesian ruminant by-products of OCC and KG was found to be relatively low. This discovery means that these by-products have the potential to be processed into high-quality livestock products. The results showed that the cholesterol content of OCC and KG was relatively low, with the mean cholesterol content of male and female OCC and KG ranging from 21.127 mg/100 g to 235.374 mg/100 g. These findings suggest that Indonesian ruminant by-products of OCC and KG could be developed further into livestock products. The studies decided the LDL cholesterol houses of Indonesian Ruminant By-Products of the Ongole Crossbreed Cattle (OCC) and the Kacang Goat (KG) intensively rearing in Lamongan District, Indonesia. The studies substances had been purple offal (RO), along with the liver, kidney, heart, tongue, trachea, lung, and spleen); white offal (WO) along with rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon), and dark offal (DO) turned into head pores and skin of male and lady OCC and KG. The studies method used laboratory evaluation with random purposive sampling. The statistics had been analyzed the use of quantitative descriptively. The consequences confirmed the suggest of male LDL cholesterol OCC turned into RO of one hundred.513±11.314, WO of 97.586±31.078, and DO turned into 70.423 mg/one hundred g. The suggest of lady LDL cholesterol OCC turned into RO of 95.573±43.193, WO of 116.197±9.707, and DO of 21.127 mg/one hundred g. The suggest of lady LDL cholesterol KG turned into RO of 109.658±26.925, WO of 119.718±8.131, and DO turned into 77.465 mg/one hundred g. The suggest of male ldl cholesterol KG turned into RO of 235.374±130.960, WO of 194.558±94.837, and DO of 57.143 mg/one hundred g. The LDL cholesterol content material of Indonesian ruminant by-merchandise of OCC and KG turned into fairly low and will be processed into the improvement cattle product.
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