Polymerized nanoparticles and nanofibers can be prepared using various processes, such as chemical synthesis, the electrochemical method, electrospinning, ultrasonic irradiation, hard and soft ...templates, seeding polymerization, interfacial polymerization, and plasma polymerization. Among these processes, plasma polymerization and aerosol-through-plasma (A-T-P) processes have versatile advantages, especially due to them being “dry", for the deposition of plasma polymer films and carbon-based materials with functional properties suitable for a wide range of applications, such as electronic and optical devices, protective coatings, and biomedical materials. Furthermore, it is well known that plasma polymers are highly cross-linked, pinhole free, branched, insoluble, and adhere well to most substrates. In order to synthesize the polymer films using the plasma processes, therefore, it is very important to increase the density and electron temperature of plasma during plasma polymerization.
In the last decade, research on cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has significantly advanced our understanding of the effect of CAP on cancer cells and their potential for cancer treatment. This effect ...is due to the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) created by plasma. This has been demonstrated for different cancer cell lines and the first clinical trials showed promising results. In addition, plasma could be combined with other treatments—such as immunotherapy—to boost its anticancer activity. The addition of new research tools to study the response of cancer cells to CAP—such as 3D in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo models and in silico approaches—as well as the use of -OMICS technologies could aid in unravelling the underlying mechanisms of CAP in cancer treatment. In order to progress towards widespread clinical application of CAP, an integrated study of the multidimensional effect of CAP in cancer treatment is essential. In this book, reviews and original research papers are published that provide new insights into the mechanisms of cold atmospheric plasma in cancer treatment, based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, clinical studies, as well as computer modeling.
Atmospheric pressure plasma discharges have grown rapidly in importance in recent decades, due to the ease in handling and operation, plus their eco-friendly applications, for agriculture, food, ...medicine, materials and even the automotive and aerospace industries. In this context, the need for a collection of results based on plasma technologies is justified. Moreover, at the international level, the increased number of projects that translated to publications and patents in the multidisciplinary field of plasma-based technology gives researchers the opportunity to challenge their knowledge and contribute to a new era of green services and products that society demands. Therefore, this book, based on the Special Issue of “Frontiers in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology” in the “Applied Physics” section of the journal Applied Sciences, provides results on some plasma-based methods and technologies for novel and possible future applications of plasmas in life sciences, biomedicine, agriculture, and the automotive industry.This book, entitled “Frontiers in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology”, consists of 8 research articles, 2 review articles and 1 editorial. We know that we are only managing to address a small part of what plasma discharge can be used for, but we hope that the readers will enjoy this book and, therefore, be inspired with new ideas for future research in the field of plasma.
Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, ...methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity.
In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
The application of cold plasma in sterilization of a root canal of a tooth has recently attracted great attention. In this paper, a reliable and user-friendly plasma-jet device, which can generate ...plasma inside the root canal, is reported. The plasma can be touched by bare hands and can be directed manually by a user to place it into root canal for disinfection without causing any painful sensation. When He/O 2 (20%) is used as working gas, the rotational and vibrational temperatures of the plasma are about 300 K and 2700 K, respectively. The peak discharge current is about 10 mA. Preliminary inactivation experiment results show that it can efficiently kill enterococcus faecalis , one of the main types of bacterium causing failure of root-canal treatment in several minutes.
This Special Issue covers a wide range of topics from fundamental studies to applications of ionized gases. It is dedicated to four topics of interest: 1. ATOMIC COLLISION PROCESSES (electron and ...photon interactions with atomic particles, heavy particle collisions, swarms, and transport phenomena); 2. PARTICLE AND LASER BEAM INTERACTION WITH SOLIDS (atomic collisions in solids, sputtering and deposition, and laser and plasma interactions with surfaces); 3. LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMAS (plasma spectroscopy and other diagnostic methods, gas discharges, and plasma applications and devices); 4. GENERAL PLASMAS (fusion plasmas, astrophysical plasmas, and collective phenomena). This Special Issue of Atoms will highlight the need for continued research on ionized gas physics in different topics ranging from fundamental studies to applications, and will review current investigations.
Background: Massive hemorrhage is a major cause of preventable mortality on the battlefield and in remote civilian environments. Access to early resuscitation is critical to patient survival; ...however, in austere regions it is logistically challenging. Freezedried plasma (FDP) has been shown to be an important tool when resuscitating patients with hypovolemic shock. Here we will discuss Canadas history in developing freeze-dried blood and current ingenuity in the production of freeze-dried plasma (CFDP). Methods: In partnership with the Department of National Defence, Canadian Blood Services (CBS) have developed a made-in-Canada FDP. Initially, historical data were collected at the Sanofi Pasteur campus in Toronto, Ontario, to provide a Canadian historical prospective. Concerning development, CBS pooled plasma, which was then aliquoted into pliable packaging. The product then underwent lyophilization and sterilization. Samples were reconstituted and tested for concentration of coagulation factors, stability, deployability and parability to frozen plasma (FFP). Results: Canada Canada produced 430 000 bottles of freeze-dried blood products during World War II for the purposes of resuscitation. Production was discontinued during the Korean War secondary to concerns over hepatitis. The CFDP that Canada is now developing is quick and easy to reconstitute, taking less than 90 seconds. Concentration of clotting proteins, including fibrinogen factors V, VII, VIII, IX and XII, is comparable or superior to both German and French FDP and FFP. Measures of clotting time, including prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, meet benchmarks set by FFP. The product is stable over 18 months at both 4°C and room temperature. Stability and coagulation factor testing is ongoing. Conclusion: Here we present how the Department of National Defence has again engaged industrial and public partners to develop a safe, easy-to-use and efficacious FDP for initial use with Special Operations Forces, and eventually expanding to the greater Canadian Armed Forces and remote civilian environments.
Inductively coupled plasma sources driven by RF power at low-pressure regimes are well adopted for high-volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices. One vexing challenge to the utility of these ...plasma processing reactors is the existence of the E-H-mode transition. Industry notably avoids the process region associated with this transition, where plasma instabilities and bimodal power coupling prohibit reliable RF power delivery. One plasma instability detailed in this paper is associated with a hysteresis in coupled RF power (current) varying for the E-mode, or weakly capacitive coupling to the plasma, in comparison to the stronger current coupling in the H-mode, where inductive coupling is preferentially dominant. As a result, approximately two orders of magnitude of electron density is relinquished in this transition region from serving industrial manufacturing processes. We characterize the plasma parameter variation through the E-mode to H-mode with a time-resolved measurement of the electron density. Electronegative chemistries are incorporated into our experimental setup. The experimental scheme serves to evaluate RF power delivery and ameliorate its coupling through the transition region. We seek to extend this paper to adopt more efficient power coupling for toroidal plasma sources.
Overview of the SPARC tokamak Creely, A. J.; Greenwald, M. J.; Ballinger, S. B. ...
Journal of plasma physics,
10/2020, Letnik:
86, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The SPARC tokamak is a critical next step towards commercial fusion energy. SPARC is designed as a high-field ($B_0 = 12.2$ T), compact ($R_0 = 1.85$ m, $a = 0.57$ m), superconducting, D-T tokamak ...with the goal of producing fusion gain $Q>2$ from a magnetically confined fusion plasma for the first time. Currently under design, SPARC will continue the high-field path of the Alcator series of tokamaks, utilizing new magnets based on rare earth barium copper oxide high-temperature superconductors to achieve high performance in a compact device. The goal of $Q>2$ is achievable with conservative physics assumptions ($H_{98,y2} = 0.7$) and, with the nominal assumption of $H_{98,y2} = 1$, SPARC is projected to attain $Q \approx 11$ and $P_{\textrm {fusion}} \approx 140$ MW. SPARC will therefore constitute a unique platform for burning plasma physics research with high density ($\langle n_{e} \rangle \approx 3 \times 10^{20}\ \textrm {m}^{-3}$), high temperature ($\langle T_e \rangle \approx 7$ keV) and high power density ($P_{\textrm {fusion}}/V_{\textrm {plasma}} \approx 7\ \textrm {MW}\,\textrm {m}^{-3}$) relevant to fusion power plants. SPARC's place in the path to commercial fusion energy, its parameters and the current status of SPARC design work are presented. This work also describes the basis for global performance projections and summarizes some of the physics analysis that is presented in greater detail in the companion articles of this collection.
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