The relationship between social media use and youth’s political participation has been extensively studied. However, explanations for youth’s online collective political activism have been less ...explored. Previous studies have used the concept of internal political efficacy to examine the relationship between social media and political participation. However, this concept only explains individual political participation, while many political actions are performed collectively. Based on Social Cognitive theory this study propounds the concepts of online political self- and collective efficacy and explores their relationship to online collective political activism. Findings of a survey of members of three activist groups of a US Mid-Western university (n = 222) suggest that a correspondence exists between efficacy perceptions and the level of agency at which the political activities are performed online. Also, online collective efficacy perceptions influence individuals’ participation in online collective actions, but this relationship is moderated by the perceived interdependence of the actions.
This paper investigated the essential elements for building a public governance model in Brazil, with the objective of proposing an analytical framework with contributions from different theoretical ...lenses. The concepts and debates emerging from the literature were analyzed along with the normative instruments that guide the principles of public governance in Brazil, and, finally, empirical research was carried out in a Brazilian public organization (Brazilian Navy). The study found that, in the Brazilian context, external control bodies have been playing the role of giving rise to an increase in governance levels within the scope of public administration, restricting at first its application to the perspective of control, and involving, to a lesser extent, the concepts of governance as instruments for achieving political-administrative effectiveness. This result corroborates the need to develop more comprehensive proposals related to public value creation involving the structuring of both political and administrative bodies in Brazil.
The purpose of this study is to explain the compatibility of the role of the national media with the role of the national media researcher in the political efficiency of the Islamic Republic of Iran ...based on the objectives of the Supreme Leader from the perspective of academics. Descriptive-explanatory and using the survey technique and with the tool of "take noting," and a questionnaire was done. A total of 326 samples, out of a total of 960 students, professors, and students with the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in the fields of political science and social sciences of the country's universities (University of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Ferdowsi, Mashhad, University of Mazandaran, Baqer al-Uloom (AS), Qom, and Shahid Bahonar, Kerman) were randomly selected as a sample using Morgan's table. Data were analyzed using SPSS Software. The results showed that 60.9% of the country's academics are satisfied with the performance of the national media in the political dimension, 59.4% in the cultural and social dimension, and 48.4% in the educational dimension of the objectives of the Supreme Leader. The overall results of the models show that 56.6% of the objectives of the Supreme Leader have been taken into consideration. 3% of women more than men believe that the national media adheres to the leadership of the Supreme Leader in their programs.
Claims that a particular policy has been a ‘success’ are commonplace in political life. However, a few of these claims are justified in any systematic way. This article seeks to remedy this omission ...by offering a heuristic which practitioners and academics can utilize to approach the question of whether a policy is, or was, successful. It builds initially on two sets of literature: Boyne's work on public sector improvement; and the work of Bovens et al. on success, failure and policy evaluation. We discuss the epistemological issues involved in whether it is possible to produce an objective measure of ‘success’. Subsequently, we present a framework for assessing success, focusing on three dimensions: process success; programmatic success; and political success. We then move on to raise a series of what we term complexity issues in relation to success for whom; variations across time, space and culture; and methodological issues.
► 173 MNE subsidiaries in 6 emerging economies were surveyed regarding political risk. ► Visibility affects not only the strength, but also direction of association between political strategies and ...foreign investors’ risk exposure. ► This paper enhances understanding of the use of political strategies for reducing risk exposure. ► We discuss the moderating role of firm visibility in emerging markets.
Although emerging markets hold great potential, foreign firms operating in those markets are exposed to a comparatively higher level of risk as compared to developed markets. We examine the role of foreign firms’ visibility in shaping the effect of the strategies they deploy to reduce their exposure to environmental risk. Building on and extending research on political strategies we develop hypotheses and test them against data from 173 MNE subsidiaries operating in six emerging economies. We find that visibility affects not only the strength, but also the direction of the association between political strategies and foreign firms’ exposure to risk. Our findings enhance understanding of the use of different political strategies for reducing their exposure to risk and of the moderating role of their visibility in emerging markets.
Using data collected within the scope of a Dutch internet panel survey (LISS) in 2011, this study tracks public support for direct, stealth and representative democracy according to educational ...level. Our findings indicate that, in terms of overall support for each specific type of democracy, lower educated citizens are significantly more supportive of stealth and direct democracy than highly educated citizens. While the mean levels of support for representative democracy do not differ significantly between levels of education, multivariate OLS regression analyses show that lower educated citizens are noticeably more supportive of representative democracy once political efficacy, trust and satisfaction are introduced. When contrasting the different types of democracy directly with one another, we find that lower educated citizens have a greater tendency to prefer direct and (to a lesser extent) stealth democracy over representative democracy than higher educated citizens. Multivariate OLS regression analyses indicate that most of these educational gaps cease to be significant once the lower levels of political efficacy, trust and satisfaction of lower educated citizens are taken into account. Implications of these results for the debate on the functioning of democracy are discussed.
•We compare support for direct, stealth and representative democracy according to level of education.•Lower educated citizens are generally more supportive of direct and stealth democracy.•Political efficacy, trust and satisfaction explain most educational gaps.
In this article, the authors discuss "whole-of-government" initiatives as a reaction to the negative effects of New Public Management reforms such as structural devolution, "single-purpose ...organizations," and performance management but also as a reaction to a more insecure world. The authors examine what is meant by a "whole-of government" approach and explore how this concept might be interpreted in analytical terms. The structural approach is contrasted with a cultural perspective and a myth-based perspective. Finally, results, experiences, and lessons from the whole-of-government movement are discussed.
Optimal jurisdiction size is a cornerstone of government design. A strong tradition in political thought argues that democracy thrives in smaller jurisdictions, but existing studies of the effects of ...jurisdiction size, mostly cross-sectional in nature, yield ambiguous results due to sorting effects and problems of endogeneity. We focus on internal political efficacy, a psychological condition that many see as necessary for high-quality participatory democracy. We identify a quasiexperiment, a large-scale municipal reform in Denmark, which allows us to estimate a causal effect of jurisdiction size on internal political efficacy. The reform, affecting some municipalities, but not all, was implemented by the central government, and resulted in exogenous, and substantial, changes in municipal population size. Based on survey data collected before and after the reform, we find, using various difference-in-difference and matching estimators, that jurisdiction size has a causal and sizeable detrimental effect on citizens' internal political efficacy.
Interpersonal networks are increasingly important for organizational learning and performance. However, little is known about how these networks emerge. In this article, exponential random graph ...models are employed to explore the underlying processes of advice network formation in 15 organizations. The author examines the influence of (1) structural effects (reciprocity, transitivity, multiplexity), (2) actor attribute effects (job function, tenure, education, self-efficacy), and (3) peer competition. Results suggest that employees rely more on reciprocity, closure, and similarity in job function than on peer expertise or status when seeking advice. In addition, employees who perceive greater levels of competition with peers are significantly less likely to both seek and provide advice. As public organizations look to private sector strategies that promote internal competition to improve efficiency and accountability, public managers need to be aware of the negative implications those strategies can have on interpersonal networks and organizational learning.
In this article, we argue that recent technological developments have made Eveland's (2003) “mix‐of‐attributes” (MOAs) framework particularly useful for theorizing about effects of today's “digital” ...media. We use an example of political user‐generated content (UGC) to illustrate the framework's usefulness. We focus on 5 core attributes of UGC, which are important for understanding its nature and effects: search efficiency, customization, manipulability, cost reduction, and community orientation. This study advances communication theory by (a) illustrating how MOA approach can be applied to explicate an online media form through its attributes; (b) elaborating on the frequently studied, but never thoroughly examined, phenomenon of political UGC; and (c) explicating 5 novel technological attributes useful for examining effects of UGC and other media.
Les effets des médias dans une ère de transformations technologiques rapides : un cas de contenu généré par l’utilisateur et la participation politique
Dans cet article, nous soumettons que de récents développements technologiques ont rendu le cadre « mélange d’attributs » (mix‐of‐attributes, MOA) d’Eveland (2003) particulièrement utile pour théoriser les effets des médias « numériques » d’aujourd’hui. Nous prenons un exemple de contenu généré par l’utilisateur (CGU) de nature politique pour illustrer l’utilité du cadre.Nous insistons sur cinq attributs centraux du CGU qui sont importants pour en comprendre la nature et les effets : l’efficacité de la recherche, la personnalisation, la souplesse du système, la réduction des coûts et l’orientation communautaire.Cette étude fait avancer les théories de la communication (1) en illustrant comment une approche MOA peut être appliquée à l’analyse d’une forme médiatique en ligne par ses attributs, (2) en élaborant sur le phénomène souvent étudié mais jamais minutieusement examiné du CGU de nature politique, et (3) en développant cinq nouveaux attributs technologiques qui sont utiles pour examiner les effets du CGU et d’autres médias.
Mots clés : communication et technologie, méthodes de recherche en communication, communication politique, traitement de l’information, effets médiatiques, philosphie de la science sociale
Medienwirkungen in einer Zeit rasanter technologischer Veränderungen: Das Beispiel nutzergenerierter Inhalt und politische Partizipation
In diesem Artikel argumentieren wir, dass der ,,Mix of Attributes‐Ansatz“von Eveland (2003) vor dem Hintergrund aktueller technologischer Entwicklungen sinnvoll anwendbar ist, um theoretische Überlegungen zu den Wirkungen heutiger ,,digitaler“ Medien anzustellen. Am Beispiel politischer nutzergenerierter Inhalte, illustrieren wir die Anwendbarkeit des Ansatzes. Dabei fokussieren wir auf vier Kernattribute von nutzergenerierten Inhalten, die wesentlich zum Verständnis von Eigenschaften und Wirkungen beitragen: Sucheffizienz, Anpassung, Systemresponsivität, Kostenreduktion und Orientierung an der Gemeinschaft. Diese Studie erweitert damit Kommunikationstheorie, indem erstens aufgezeigt wird, wie dieser Ansatz angewendet werden kann, um eine Onlinemedienart durch ihre Eigenschaften zu explizieren. Zweitens erfolgt eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit dem häufig thematisierten, aber niemals wirklich untersuchten Phänomen der politischen nutzergenerierten Inhalte und drittens werden fünf Attribute neuer Technologien expliziert, die für die Untersuchung von Wirkungen von nutzergenerierten Inhalten und anderen Medien nützlich sind.
Schlüsselbegriffe: Kommunikation und Technologie, Kommunikationsforschungsmethoden, politische Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung, Medienwirkungen, Philosophie der Sozialwissenschaften
Los Efectos de los Medios en una Era de Rápida Transformación Tecnológica: Un Caso del Contenido y la Participación Política Generado por el Usuario
Resumen: En este artículo argüimos que los desarrollos tecnológicos recientes han hecho al marco de la “mezcla de atributos” de Eveland’s (2003) (MOA) particularmente útil para teorizar acerca de los efectos de los medios “digitales” de hoy. Usamos un ejemplo de contenido político generado por el usuario (UGC) para ilustrar la utilidad del marco. Nos enfocamos en cinco atributos centrales del UGC, los cuales son importantes para entender su naturaleza y sus efectos: La búsqueda de la eficiencia, la personalización, el sistema de receptividad, la reducción del costo, y la orientación de la comunidad. Este estudio avanza la teoría de la comunicación (1) ilustrando cómo el marco MOA puede ser aplicado para explicar una forma de medios online a través de sus atributos; (2) elaborando en los frecuentemente estudiados, pero nunca examinados en profundidad, fenómenos de las políticas de los UGC; y (3) explicando cinco atributos noveles tecnológicos útiles para examinar los efectos de los UGC y otros medios.
Palabras Claves:Comunicación y Tecnología, Métodos de Investigación de la Comunicación, Comunicación Política, Procesamiento de la Información, Efectos de los Medios, Filosofía de la Ciencia Social
