The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of poultry is densely populated with microorganisms which closely and intensively interact with the host and ingested feed. The gut microbiome benefits the host by ...providing nutrients from otherwise poorly utilized dietary substrates and modulating the development and function of the digestive and immune system. In return, the host provides a permissive habitat and nutrients for bacterial colonization and growth. Gut microbiome can be affected by diet, and different dietary interventions are used by poultry producers to enhance bird growth and reduce risk of enteric infection by pathogens. There also exist extensive interactions among members of the gut microbiome. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will help develop new dietary or managerial interventions that can enhance bird growth, maximize host feed utilization, and protect birds from enteric diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria.
The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition Abdel‐Moneim, Abdel‐Moneim E.; Shehata, Abdelrazeq M.; Alzahrani, Seraj O. ...
Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition,
November 2020, 2020-Nov, 2020-11-00, 20201101, Letnik:
104, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the last two decades, poultry and animal industries became increasingly interested in using plant‐based feed supplements, herbs and their derivatives to retain or enhance their health and ...productivity. These health benefits for the host mainly attributed to the secondary plant metabolites, namely polyphenols. Polyphenols are renowned for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti‐mutagenic and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, despite these advantages of polyphenols, they have been characterized by poor absorption in the gut and low concentration in target cells that compromise their role as effective antioxidants. The low bioavailability of polyphenols necessitates the need for further investigations to harness their full potential in poultry farms. This review is existing evidence about the bioavailability of polyphenols and their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, detoxification properties and their impacts on poultry performance.
Microplastic (MP) contamination in soil has attracted much attention, and increasing evidence suggests that MPs can accumulate in agricultural soils through fertilization by compost. In addition, the ...most common raw materials for composting are livestock and poultry manure wastes. Because the presence of MPs may threaten the safe utilization of fertilizers composted by livestock and poultry wastes during crop planting, it is necessary to understand the contamination risk of MPs present in livestock and poultry manure. In this study, the distribution of MPs in 19 livestock and poultry farms with 3 different species was investigated by using FTIR microscopy. A total of 115 items manure MPs and 18 items feed MPs were identified as PP and PE types dominated by colorful fragments and fibers. Furthermore, after comparing the compositions of plastic products used in the feeding process, we proposed two transport pathways for MP pollution in manure and one potential transport pathway in feeds. Our result proved that the application of swine and poultry manure directly could be a new route of MPs in agricultural soil, furthermore, the presence of MPs could threaten the safety of resource utilization in agricultural soil by using swine and poultry manure for manure potentially. Not, only that, our study also provided a reference for the remediation of MP-contaminated soil.
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•Severe microplastic contamination occurred in livestock and poultry farms.•Polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyester resin were the representative types.•Fibers and fragments are the predominant shapes with various colors.•Application of animal manure directly could be a route of MPs in agricultural soil.
Salmonella is an important human pathogen and poultry products constitute an important source of human infections. This study investigated prevalence; identified serotypes based on whole genome ...sequence, described spatial distribution of Salmonella serotypes and predicted risk factors that could influence the prevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. A cross sectional approach was employed to collect 558 pooled shoe socks and dust samples from 165 commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria. On-farm visitation questionnaires were administered to obtain information on farm management practices in order to assess risk factors for Salmonella prevalence. Salmonella was identified by culture, biotyping, serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR confirmed isolates were paired-end Illumina- sequenced. Following de novo genome assembly, draft genomes were used to obtain serotypes by SeqSero2 and SISTR pipeline and sequence types by SISTR and Enterobase. Risk factor analysis was performed using the logit model. A farm prevalence of 47.9% (CI95 40.3-55.5) for Salmonella was observed, with a sample level prevalence of 15.9% (CI95 12.9-18.9). Twenty-three different serotypes were identified, with S. Kentucky and S. Isangi as the most prevalent (32.9% and 11%). Serotypes showed some geographic variation. Salmonella detection was strongly associated with disposal of poultry waste and with presence of other livestock on the farm. Salmonella was commonly detected on commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria and S. Kentucky was found to be ubiquitous in the farms.
Poultry production contributes significantly to the livelihoods of Ethiopian farmers and to the national economy although it is hampered by different factors, including poultry diseases. There is ...scarcity of published evidences on the occurrence and impacts of poultry diseases although such evidences are important for policy makers in designing appropriate interventions. A total of 595 households were interviewed and 11 FGDs were conducted to collect data on the occurrence of diseases and the number of dead chickens in the last 12 months. Hence, respiratory diseases, sudden death, and eye-face-head diseases were mentioned in all of the FGDs as the most frequently occurring disease in the districts. Of households interviewed, 86.1% reported poultry disease occurrence in the last 12 months, and gastrointestinal, eye-face-head, and neurological diseases were identified to be the top three ranked diseases of chickens in the districts. Flocks with access to diagnostic services (Adj. OR = 4.16;
P
= 0.004) and/or access to animal health providers (Adj. OR = 10.50;
P
= 0.001) were more likely to report disease occurrence. In the studied population, the diseases resulted in deaths of 2219 chickens valued at 352,219.5 Birr (11,740.65 USD) and a mean crude mortality of 31.87%. Female-lead households (mean difference = 5.95%;
P
= 0.018) and multiple age units present on the farm (mean difference = 20.92%;
P
= < 0.000) had higher chicken mortality. Similarly, higher mortality was reported in flocks without access to diagnosis (mean difference = 9.97%;
P
= < 0.000) and vaccination (mean difference = 12.34%;
P
= < 0.000) services. The high occurrence of disease and mortalities might be explained by a lack of an organized poultry health service delivery system in the country. Therefore, a carefully designed health service delivery system addressing needs of poultry producers, supported by relevant policy and corresponding strategies, is recommended to address the indicated challenges. Moreover, private health providers with well-defined roles need to be engaged to successfully and sustainably solve the poultry disease problems.
We analyzed ≈ 12 years of surveillance data on avian influenza in Hong Kong live poultry markets. A ban on keeping live poultry overnight in these markets reduced virus isolation rates by 84% in ...chickens (p = 0.006) and 100% (p = 0.01) in minor poultry.
The genesis of novel influenza viruses through reassortment poses a continuing risk to public health. This is of particular concern in Bangladesh, where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of ...the A(H5N1) subtype are endemic and cocirculate with other influenza viruses. Active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets detected three A(H5) genotypes, designated H5N1-R1, H5N1-R2, and H5N2-R3, that arose from reassortment of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. The H5N1-R1 and H5N1-R2 viruses contained HA, NA, and M genes from the A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses and PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and NS genes from other Eurasian influenza viruses. H5N2-R3 viruses contained the HA gene from circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses, NA and M genes from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses, and PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and NS genes from other Eurasian influenza viruses. Representative viruses of all three genotypes and a parental clade 2.3.2.1a strain (H5N1-R0) infected and replicated in mice without prior adaptation; the H5N2-R3 virus replicated to the highest titers in the lung. All viruses efficiently infected and killed chickens. All viruses replicated in inoculated ferrets, but no airborne transmission was detected, and only H5N2-R3 showed limited direct-contact transmission. Our findings demonstrate that although the A(H5N1) viruses circulating in Bangladesh have the capacity to infect and replicate in mammals, they show very limited capacity for transmission. However, reassortment does generate viruses of distinct phenotypes.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have circulated continuously in Bangladesh since 2007, and active surveillance has detected viral evolution driven by mutation and reassortment. Recently, three genetically distinct A(H5N1) reassortant viruses were detected in live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Currently, we cannot assign pandemic risk by only sequencing viruses; it must be conducted empirically. We found that the H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exhibited high virulence in mice and chickens, and one virus had limited capacity to transmit between ferrets, a property considered consistent with a higher zoonotic risk.
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•Dermanyssus gallinae could act as a reservoir for potential APEC.•Escherichia coli O2 serogroup was detected in hens with colibacillosis and mites.•Escherichia coli O2 was also ...detected inside mites.
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a group of strains responsible for avian colibacillosis, an impactful disease for poultry farming. The spread of APEC is mainly horizontal, and insects may play a role in their dissemination. However, no data are available about the interaction of APEC with Dermanyssus gallinae, a major arthropodal parasite of poultry. Escherichia coli was detected in the microbiome of the mite, but no specific data have been published till now. Therefore, the presence of the most diffused APEC-associated serogroups has been assessed by PCR in mites collected from 30 flocks of 21 Italian commercial laying hens farms. Escherichia coli was found in 53.3% of the tested groups, corresponding to 66.7% of farms. The most frequent serogroup was O2, but O8, O78, and O109 were also detected. More detailed investigations were carried out in a laying hen farm that was experiencing colibacillosis by APEC O2. The same serogroup was found in both hens and mites, and the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the infection rate (IR) resulted in 24.39 infected mites per thousand, with a pathogen load of 171.47 E. coli O2 cells per mite. The results strongly support the hypothesis of an association between PRM and APEC, confirmed by the contemporary circulation of the same serogroup in both hens and mites, suggesting the potential of D. gallinae as a reservoir or APEC.
Chickens are the most common birds on Earth and colibacillosis is among the most common diseases affecting them. This major threat to animal welfare and safe sustainable food production is difficult ...to combat because the etiological agent, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), emerges from ubiquitous commensal gut bacteria, with no single virulence gene present in all disease-causing isolates. Here, we address the underlying evolutionary mechanisms of extraintestinal spread and systemic infection in poultry. Combining population scale comparative genomics and pangenome-wide association studies, we compare E. coli from commensal carriage and systemic infections. We identify phylogroup-specific and species-wide genetic elements that are enriched in APEC, including pathogenicity-associated variation in 143 genes that have diverse functions, including genes involved in metabolism, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, heat shock response, antimicrobial resistance and toxicity. We find that horizontal gene transfer spreads pathogenicity elements, allowing divergent clones to cause infection. Finally, a Random Forest model prediction of disease status (carriage vs. disease) identifies pathogenic strains in the emergent ST-117 poultry-associated lineage with 73% accuracy, demonstrating the potential for early identification of emergent APEC in healthy flocks.
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