The history, current situation and control measures for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants are reviewed. A large number of IBV variants exist worldwide; some being unique to a particular ...area, others having a more general distribution. The possible reasons why some strains spread readily over major parts of the world, whereas other strains stay more localized are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of strain classification by protectotyping, serotyping and genotyping are discussed in relation to in vivo protection. The different vaccination strategies are also considered.
ABSTRACT
Creatine is a nitrogenous compound naturally occurring in animal tissues and is obtained from dietary animal protein or de novo synthesis from guanidinoacetic acid (GAA). The dietary supply ...of this semi-essential nutrient could be adversely compromised when feeding purely vegetable-based diets. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of GAA supplementation in broilers fed corn-based diets with or without the inclusion of poultry by-products (PBP) on live performance, carcass and cut up yields, meat quality, pectoral muscle myopathies, differential blood count, blood clinical chemistry, serum GAA and its metabolites. The treatments consisted of PBP inclusion in the diets at 0 and 5%, with or without GAA supplementation (0 or 0.06%). A total of 1,280 one-d-old male Ross 708 broiler chicks were randomly placed in 64 floor pens with 16 replicates per treatment combination. At 0, 14, 35, 48, and 55 d, pen BW and feed intake were recorded. BW gain and FCR were calculated at the end of each phase. Individual BW was obtained at 55 d and one broiler per pen was selected for blood collection. Additionally, four broilers per pen were selected (including the chicken for blood collection) for processing. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with PBP and GAA supplementation as main effects. An improvement (P < 0.05) on FCR of 0.019 (g:g) was detected at 55 d due to GAA supplementation. The probability of having breast meat with low severity of wooden breast (score 2) was increased (P < 0.05) by GAA inclusion in diets without PBP. An interaction effect (P < 0.05) was detected on GAA concentration in blood. The supplementation with GAA and PBP inclusion resulted in higher (P < 0.05) GAA serum concentration. Generally, meat quality parameters were not affected by GAA. In conclusion, GAA supplementation improved FCR regardless of dietary PBP and reduced wooden breast severity by increasing score 2 in diets without PBP.
The use of antibiotics in the livestock and poultry industries has raised significant concern about environmental and health problems. In light of this, accurate knowledge of antibiotic residues in ...livestock and poultry manure is important for pollution management and strategic decision-making at the national level. This study aims to provide a comprehensive report on antibiotic residues in livestock and poultry manure in China using the published data of 3751 livestock and poultry feces in 29 provincial-level units over the past 20 years. In this study, the overall status of antibiotic residues in livestock and poultry feces was analyzed by mathematical statistics. Moreover, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics were analyzed by spatial statistics, and the differences among livestock and poultry species were evaluated by subgroup analysis. The finding indicated that tetracyclines (TCs), quinolones (QLs), sulfonamides (SAs), and macrolides (MLs) were the most abundant residues in livestock and poultry manure. The spatial and temporal variation revealed that the overall trend of antibiotic residues decreased gradually, and the spatial distribution was primarily concentrated in the southeast of Hu Line, exhibiting a “northeast-southwest” distribution. The distribution range also decreased slightly, with the residues of tetracyclines (TCs), quinolones (QLs), sulfonamides (SAs), and pleuromutilins (PMs) showing a significant spatial hot spot. The center of gravity of antibiotic residue shifted to the southwest between 2003 and 2021. In comparison to cow and sheep manure, the tetracyclines (TCs), sulfonamides (SAs), and macrolides (MLs) in pig and chicken manure were higher. The results can serve as a reference for the control and reduction of antibiotic pollution in livestock and poultry manure, as well as the wise utilization of those resources and achieving goals for clean agriculture.
Vitamin preparations for poultry farming Momot, N V; Kolina, Yu A; Kamlia, I L
IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science,
06/2023, Letnik:
1206, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The article indicates that further development of poultry farming is due to the optimization of the feed base associated with the use of effective veterinary feed additives having a positive ...effect on the health and average daily weight gain of young poultry. When choosing imported market products, a correctly selected HS code is of great importance, which allows reducing the delivery time of vitamin preparations and vitamin-mineral complexes, which favorably affect the growing time and quality indicators of the quality of products obtained.
Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat is an important source of foodborne gastroenteritis and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. Broiler chickens are commonly regarded as a ...natural host for this pathogen and infected birds carry a very high Campylobacter load in their gastrointestinal tract, especially the ceca. This results in contaminated carcasses during processing. While hygienic measures at the farm and control measures during carcass processing can have some effect on the reduction of Campylobacter numbers on the retail product, intervention at the farm level by reducing colonization of the ceca should be taken into account in the overall control policy. This review gives an up-to-date overview of suggested on-farm control measures to reduce the prevalence and colonization of Campylobacter in poultry.
Highlights • Two large scale molecular epidemiology studies performed in Italy and Spain. • The population dynamics trends differed between the two countries. • Relevant association between changes ...in vaccination strategies and viral population. • Strong association between viral population dynamics and outbreak frequency. • Hill’s criteria for causation were accomplished.
Abstract
Probiotics reduce the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the livestock industry. Chicken feces are reservoirs of beneficial microbiomes. The aim of this study was to isolate putative ...probiotics from the intestinal contents of broiler chickens. Five fecal samples were collected from two poultry farms in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Of the 11 morphologically distinct isolates from chicken feces (CF) samples, five isolates displayed positive reactions to Gram staining, catalase, and oxidase tests, and reacted negatively to a hemolytic assay. The isolates CF1, CF2, CF3, CF8, and CF11 were selected for further analysis of probiotic characterization, gastric survival capacity, antibiotic susceptibility, and antimicrobial activity against poultry infected with Salmonella enterica. CF2 and CF11 showed the highest hydrophobic values (> 51% hydrophobic nature). CF1, CF2, and CF11 showed potent antimicrobial activities. The active isolate CF2 was identified as Enterococcus faecium by 16s rRNA sequencing and showed a genetic similarity of 99.1%. An in vivo study was conducted using a chicken model. Enterococcus faecium-fed chickens showed an improved body weight and a lower mortality rate (17–34%). Salmonella enterica colony-forming unit (CFU) invasion in the spleen and thymus was significantly reduced in the E. faecium-fed chickens. The fecal S. enterica load was reduced from CFU 6.8 to 3.9/g in oral-administered E. faecium-fed chickens. Enterococcus faecium-fed chickens showed increased levels (P < 0.01) of butyric acid and reduced levels (P < 0.01) of intestinal interleukin 1 beta, C-reactive protein, and interferon gamma levels compared to those in the S. enterica-infected chicken group. In addition, E. faecium showed significant binding to Caco-2 epithelial cells in vitro and inhibited S. enterica colonization, indicating co-aggregation of E. faecium in epithelial cells. These results revealed that an E. faecium formulation could prevent bacterial infection and improve the quality of broiler chickens.
Enterococcus faecium isolated from CF reduced the symptoms of Salmonella infection in broiler chickens. Enterococcus is a non-toxic, beneficial bacterium that improves the health and immune response of the host.
Lay Summary
Infectious bacterial contamination in broiler production is a food safety concern and can be transmitted to humans via contaminated meat and derived products. Minimizing bacterial infections using beneficial bacteria called probiotics can reduce the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the livestock industry. In this study, we focused on improving chicken health against Salmonella infections. Beneficial probiotics were isolated from broiler chicken carcasses. Antibiotic-sensitive and antimicrobially active beneficial bacteria were identified by DNA sequencing technology and identified as Enterococcus faecium. In a further study performed in a chicken model, E. faecium-fed chickens showed improved body weight and reduced death in Salmonella-infected chickens. The S. enterica load was also lower in these E. faecium-fed chickens. Enterococcus faecium-fed chickens showed increased levels of short-chain fatty acids and reduced interleukin 1 beta, C-reactive protein, and interferon gamma levels compared to those in the S. enterica-infected chicken group. These results revealed that an E. faecium formulation could prevent bacterial infection and improve the quality of broiler chickens.
Display omitted
•The role of thermal inactivation in collagen solubilization during EPH was studied.•Two protases with very different mode of action towards collagen were included.•180 hydrolysates ...from different poultry by-products were produced.•Heat assisted solubilization of partly hydrolyzed collagen was assessed.•Sediment removal prior to thermal inactivation is a strategy to tailor hydrolysates.
Enzymatic protein hydrolysis (EPH) is an invaluable process to increase the value of food processing by-products. In the current work the aim was to study the role of standard thermal inactivation in collagen solubilization during EPH of poultry by-products. Hundred and eighty hydrolysates were produced using two proteases (stem Bromelain and Endocut-02) and two collagen-rich poultry by-products (turkey tendons and carcasses). Thermal inactivation was performed with and without the sediment to study the effect of heat on collagen solubilization. A large difference in molecular weight distribution profiles was observed when comparing hydrolysate time series of the two proteases. In addition, it was shown that 15 min heat treatment, conventionally used for inactivating proteases, is essential in solubilizing collagen fragments, which significantly contributes to increasing the protein yield of the entire process. The study thus demonstrated the possibility of producing tailored products of different quality by exploiting standard heat inactivation in EPH.
Protein sources are known to be the second largest component in the poultry sector. Traditionally, fish and soya-bean meals are known to supply very good protein; however, these are restricted in ...supply and more expensive than energy sources. The prices of soya-bean meal are currently high and tend to fluctuate with changes in climatic conditions and social situations in the countries where it is produced. Developing countries like South Africa have made enormous investments in soya-bean production, despite that the country still imports considerable volumes of this crop and is not self-sufficient. This then means that there is an urgent need to seek for alternative and cost-effective protein sources that can provide the same nutrients as soya-bean and fish meal for poultry production.
Tenebrio molitor
L. which is commonly known as yellow mealworm has a huge potential to substitute commonly used protein sources in poultry diets. Mealworms are easy to breed and do not require large area for production. Moreover, they have high nutritional value comparable to that of soya-bean and fishmeal. However, the only limiting nutrient for mealworms is calcium which can be easily supplemented in the diets. Therefore, this review sets out to explore the importance of replacing soya bean with mealworms in poultry diets. Furthermore, the life cycle of meal worms will also be discussed.
PDF
