U ovome ćemo radu nastojati opisati
umetnute nerestriktivne
relativne rečenice
kao tipične parentetičke strukture. Opis će podrazumijevati
njihovu sintaksičku i semantičku interpretaciju, ali i ...naznake o njihovoj
pragmatičkoj ulozi i zasnivat će se na analizi primjera pronađenih u korpusu
tekstova koji pripadaju različitim stilovima bosanskoga jezika. Rad je podijeljen
u tri dijela. U prvom ćemo dijelu definirati parentetike i dati pregled
dosadašnjih pristupa u analiziranju te pojave. U drugome dijelu rada fokusirat
ćemo se na definiranje i analizu
umetnutih nerestriktivnih relativnih rečenica
,
a u trećem će se dijelu izdvojiti najznačajnija zapažanja.
In this paper, we will seek to describe inserted non-restrictive relative sentences as typical parenthetical structures. The description will include their syntactic and semantic interpretation, as well as indications about their pragmatic role, and will be based on an analysis of examples found in a corpus of texts belonging to different styles of Bosnian language. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, we will define parentheticals and give an overview of the approaches taken so far in analyzing this phenomenon. In the second part of the paper, we will focus on defining and analyzing the inserted non-restrictive relative sentences, and in the third part, we will highlight the most significant observations.
Pragmatika i leksikografija Karlić, Virna; Bago, Petra
Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
2020, Letnik:
46, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Web Resource
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
U radu se analiziraju leksikografski opisi deiktičkih izraza u suvremenim jednojezičnim rječnicima hrvatskoga jezika. Posebna pozornost posvećena je deikticima „na granici punoznačnosti” (Kordić ...2002) – skupini leksema čiji opis leksikografima predstavlja poseban izazov jer se njihovo puno značenje/referent uspostavlja tek u kontekstu realizacije konkretnoga iskaza. Rad je podijeljen u tri dijela. Uvodno poglavlje posvećeno je definiciji, obilježjima i vrstama deikse, dok se u središnjemu dijelu rada analiziraju primjeri rječničkih definicija osobnih (
ja
), društvenih (
ti/Vi
), mjesnih (
ovdje
), vremenskih (
sada
) i diskursnih (
sada
i
ovdje
) deiktika iz triju hrvatskih jednojezičnika (
Hrvatski jezični portal
,
Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika
Vladimira Anića te
Veliki rječnik hrvatskoga standardnog jezika
skupine autora). U završnome se poglavlju iznose zaključci provedene analize te se ukazuje na prednosti primjene (korpusne) pragmatike u leksikografiji.
The paper deals with the problem of the lexicographic description of deictic expressions in contemporary monolingual dictionaries of the Croatian language. The term “deixis” refers to a group of language units that indicate elements of situational and/or discourse context in the utterance ̶such as participants, time, and place of the speech event (Lyons 1977). Deictic expressions belong to a group of lexemes that are especially challenging for lexicographers because their full meaning or referent is established or identified only within the specific speech event. For these reasons, the characteristics of deixis are a constant reminder of the fact that natural languages were primarily designed for use in face-to-face interaction, and that a language can only be analyzed to a certain extent without taking into account these facts (Levinson 1983). In this paper, we conduct an analysis of the definitions of meanings and descriptions of the functions of deictic expressions in Croatian lexicography based on selected representative examples of personal, temporal, spatial, discourse, and social deixis. We identify the shortcomings of the selected dictionaries and suggest possible solutions to the identified problems by applying the methods of corpus pragmatics.
This handbook comprehensively examines social interaction by providing a critical overview of the field of linguistic politeness and impoliteness. Authored by over 40 leading scholars, it offers a ...diverse and multidisciplinary approach to a vast array of themes that are vital to the study of interpersonal communication.
Cilj je rada propitati tradicionalnu definiciju laži. U radu ne pružam vlastitu definiciju te pojave, ali pokušavam pokazati da je tradicionalna definicija laži, po kojoj je za laganje nužno ...iskazivanje neistinitih tvrdnji, neadekvatna. Kako bih to učinila, u prvom dijelu predstavljam teoriju Herberta Paula Gricea o razgovornim implikaturama, čije su hotimično neistinite inačice izrijekom isključene iz tradicionalne definicije. U nastavku, pozivajući se na teoriju o zadanim značenjima, odbacujem rašireni stav da se govornik uvijek može ograditi od pragmatički prenesene poruke. Potom, predstavljam standardnu definiciju laži i sagledavam koju ulogu u njoj imaju govornikova namjera i slušateljeva odgovornost. U drugom dijelu, dotadašnje uvide primjenjujem na Shakespeareovu tragediju Otelo. Nakon kratkog predstavljanja odnosa između Otela i Jaga, razlažem tri dramska primjera onoga što smatram lažima ostvarenima razgovornom implikaturom. Takva analiza ima dvojaku ulogu. Prva joj je zadaća pokazati nedostatnost tradicionalne definicije laži kroz tvrdnju da Jago, iako ne izgovara neistine, laže. Druga je zadaća ukazivanje na ograničeni doseg mogućnosti poništavanja pragmatički prenesene poruke; Jagove pragmatičke poruke toliko su snažne da se, iako to pokušava učiniti, od njih ne uspijeva ograditi.
This paper aims to question the traditional definition of lying. I do not present my definition of this phenomenon. Instead, I try to show that the traditional definition – to lie one must utter a false claim – is inadequate. To do that, in the first part of the paper, I present Herbert Paul Grice’s theory of conversational implicatures, which are explicitly excluded from the traditional definition. Next, relying on the theory of default meanings, I reject the widespread idea that the speaker can always distance themselves from a pragmatically conveyed message. Then I present the traditional definition of lying and the role that the intention of the speaker and the responsibility of the hearer play in it. In the second part, I apply the insights gathered by that point to Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello. After a brief presentation of the relation between Othello and Iago, I present three examples of dialogues from the play that I consider to be the cases of lying accomplished with conversational implicatures. This kind of analysis has a dual role. The first one is to show the inadequacy of the traditional definition of lying. Even though Iago does not utter a single false claim, he is lying. The second one to point to the limited scope of the possibility of denying a pragmatically conveyed message. Iago’s pragmatic messages are so strong that he cannot distance himself from them, even when he tries to.
Rad se
bavi leksikografskom obradom pragmatičkih informacija u suvremenim hrvatskim
dvojezičnim tiskanim rječnicima dvaju slavenskih (makedonski, ruski) te dvaju
germanskih jezika (engleski, ...njemački) s hrvatskim kao polaznim jezikom. Uvodna
poglavlja rada posvećena su definiciji pojma
pragmatičke informacije
te
utvrđivanju načina i sredstava njihova prezentiranja u rječnicima. Središnji
dio rada posvećen je analizi primjera leksikografskih opisa pragmatičkih
informacija na makrorazini i mikrorazini izabranih rječnika, dok se u završnom
dijelu rada raspravlja o mogućnostima unapređivanja njihove leksikografske
obrade.
The paper deals with lexicographic processing of pragmatic information (PI) in contemporary Croatian bilingual printed dictionaries of two Slavic and two Germanic languages with Croatian as the starting language (Croatian‒Macedonian/Russian/English/German dictionary). The introductory part of the paper deals with the definition of PI and the lexicographic ways and means of their presentation. The central part of the paper analyzes the examples of PI descriptions from the selected bilingual dictionaries, while the final chapter discusses the methodology for studying the pragmatic features of lexemes, the possibilities of enhancing lexicographic processing of PI in future, and the importance of such information for dictionary users.
The paper establishes a correlation between nihilism and history from the premise of the end of metaphysics in the age of the technosphere. In presenting the genealogy of the postmodern turn in ...contemporary philosophical thinking, the author critically deals with Vattimo’s thesis that Heidegger’s notion of overcoming metaphysics (Verwindung) is the key to understanding postmodernity. Despite its close proximity to Nietzsche and Heidegger, it is undeniable that the main notion must be derived from late Wittgenstein’s thinking, as Lyotard did in his analysis of the “postmodern condition”. It is a notion of “language games” that introduces into consideration the relationship between the pragmatics of knowledge, the performativity of language and the event horizon. In this way, it will be shown that postmodernity cannot be any “new” epoch but rather a re-actualization of the condition determined by the rule of technoscience, cybernetics and plural patterns of culture in post-industrial society. Based on his previous analyses of this problem, collected in the books The Postmodern Game of the World, Identity Politics, The Posthuman Condition, and Technosphere I–V, the author believes that only extensive analysis and interpretation of Lyotard’s premises allows one to reach the right philosophical path to the answer to the question of the essence of nihilism in the face of Being, and the technosphere as computation, planning, and construction of the inhuman. In contemporary times, what is left of postmodernity is neither “telling stories” about the stylistic tendencies of the modern and neomodern, the avant-garde and the neo-avant-garde, nor, more so, the conflict of the universality and particularity of society and culture. All that remains is the feature of the unwavering “fate” of this nihilism of the technosphere: from the postmodern condition to the posthuman condition, thought is confronted with the challenge of an event that goes beyond anything seen in the history of Western metaphysics. When the image precedes the language and the writing to speaking, we find ourselves in a closed circle of turns and reversals of metaphysics. It is time to step out of this “vicious circle” in which the living becomes non-living, the Being becomes the information, the system of objects replaces society, and the human-too-human with inhuman as such.
Imenica shimu (师母, u prijevodu učiteljeva supruga) u kineskom jeziku definira se kao tzv. honorifik (chengwei yu,称谓语) i jedna je od mnogih koje se koriste u akademskom i obrazovnom kontekstu ...općenito. Ovu riječ analiziramo kroz kinesku filologiju (wenzi xue, 文字学), odnosno znanost o pisanome jeziku i znakovima te kroz antropološku lingvistiku. Uporaba honorifika u kineskoj kulturi zasniva se na kineskom poimanju uljudnosti te na konfucijanskoj filozofiji i shvaćanju hijerarhije u kineskom društvu. Zatim se ukratko osvrćemo na pragmatične i antropolingvističke informacije u svezi s uporabom honorifika shimu (师母),
koje je važno usvojiti pri učenju kineskoga jezika kao stranoga, a od kojih su neke prenosive i na uporabu honorifika u kineskom jeziku uopćeno, te na istraživanja o ovom honorifiku u kineskoj kulturi i tradiciji, te u modernom kineskom društvu (posebno u kontekstu uporabe rodno-osjetljivoga jezika). Na kraju dajemo i kratku analizu učestalosti uporabe honorifika shimu, zasnovane na primjerima iz suvremenoga kineskog korpusa BCC, koji je razvilo Sveučilište za jezik i kulturu u Pekingu.
U radu se skicira moguće područje preklapanja stilistike i pragmatike kako bi se oblikovao novi hermeneutički model za interpretaciju lirskoga teksta. Na početku se nude osnovne infomacije o ...pragmatici kao disciplini, njezinim začetnicima (H. P. Griceu i J. L. Austinu) i temeljnim konceptima (deiksi i govornim činovima) iz kojih se derivira opća teza o performativnosti književnoga diskurza (Sh. Felman) s kojom je povezana i performativna hipoteza na kojoj se ustrojava lirska komunikacija (S. Levin). U središnjem dijelu rada nudi se pragmastilističko čitanje pjesme Kad mi svega bude dosta Ivana Slamniga. Pjesmu se najprije smješta u kontekst Slamnigova lirskog opusa te krugovaške poetike, a potom se izdvajaju i opisuju njezina osnovna stilska obilježja: prividna „lakoća” i komunikativnost, utjecaj ‘kolokvijalnog’ stila, uredna i simetrična kompozicija, metrički i versifikacijski postupci (trohejski osmerac, leoninska rima, izosilabičnost). Teza od koje analiza polazi jest da pjesma, koja se na prvi pogled čini pristupačnom i razumljivom, iz pragmastilističke perspektive izgleda bitno drukčije: njezina se „lakoća” pokazuje kao iluzija jer lirski subjekt specifičnim jezičnim i stilskim izborima (govornim činovima komisivima, specifičnom upotrebom deikse, foričkim odnosima i glagolskim vremenima) otežava (čak opstruira) lirsku komunikaciju. Interpretacija je stoga ponajviše usredotočena na autoreferencijalnost i performativnost Slamnigova pjesničkog diskurza nasuprot tradicionalnim konstativnim interpretacijama zaokupljenima dešifriranjem tekstualnih značenja
The paper sketches out the potential overlap of stylistics and pragmatics in order to come up with a new hermeneutic model for the interpretation of a lyrical text. The introduction lays down the basic information on pragmatics as a discipline, its founders (H. P. Grice and J. L. Austin) and its main concepts (deixis and speech acts) from which a general hypothesis of the performativity of literary discourse (Sh. Felman) is derived as well as the performative hypothesis (S. Levin) upon which literary communication is built. The central part of the paper offers the pragmastylistic reading of Ivan Slamnig’s poem Kad mi svega bude dosta. The poem is first put in the context of Slamnig’s poetry and then subjected to the stylistic analysis of its main features: the apparent ”lightness” and communicativeness, the influence of the ”colloquial” style, a neat and symmetrical composition, metrical procedures (trochaic tetrameter, internal rhyme, isosyllabic verse). The main hypothesis upon which interpretation is built is that the poem, which at the first glance appears easily accessible and comprehensible, when approached from the pragmastylistic perspective, seems quite different: its ”lightness” is unmasked as an illusion due to the fact that the lyrical subject makes specific linguistic and stylistic choices (commissive speech acts and deixis) in order to obstruct lyrical communication. The interpretation thus primarily focuses on the self-reflexivity and performativity of Slamnig’s poetic discourse to distinguish itself from traditional constative interpretations which dwell on deciphering the poem’s textual meanings
This volume is a study of the language of literary texts. It looks at the usefulness of pragmatic theories to the interpretation of literary texts and surveys methods of analysing narrative, with ...special attention given to narratorial authority and character focalisation. The book includes a description of Grice's Co-operative Principle and its contribution to the interpretation of literary texts, and considers Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory, with particular stress on the valuable insights into irony and varieties of indirect discourse it offers. Bakhtin's theories are introduced, and related to the more explicitly linguistic Relevance Theory. Metaphor, irony and parody are examined primarily as pragmatic phenomena, and there is a strand of sociolinguistic interest particularly in relation to the theories of Labov and Bakhtin.
PDF
