Resumo Este artigo tem por escopo discutir o fenômeno do teletrabalho, que foi impulsionado em razão do contexto da pandemia do Covid-19 em 2020. Destaca-se a nova narrativa do capital, que, ao tempo ...que exalta seus benefícios, tende a ocultar os riscos, bem como as possibilidades de reformulação dos ganhos empresariais na exploração do trabalho humano. Para tanto, revisa-se o novo cenário do trabalho, a partir do contexto da denominada “modernização” das relações laborais, considerando os processos de intensificação das jornadas, de apropriação do espaço privado da residência dos trabalhadores, de compatibilização entre trabalho produtivo e reprodutivo, sobretudo por mulheres, de isolamento em relação aos coletivos de trabalho e suas articulações políticas, bem como de sofrimento e adoecimento psíquico. A partir de bibliografia pertinente e da análise de dados secundários sobre o teletrabalho na atualidade, é problematizada a regulação incidente sobre esses trabalhadores como elemento conformador do fenômeno.
Abstract This article aims to discuss the phenomenon of teleworking, which was driven by the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. It is noteworthy that the new narrative of capital, which, while extolling its benefits, tends to hide the risks, as well as the possibilities for reformulating business gains in the exploitation of human labor. To this end, the new work scenario is reviewed, based on the context of the so-called “modernization” of labor relations, considering the processes of intensifying working hours, appropriating the private space of workers' homes, making work and reproductive tasks compatible, especially by women, of isolation in relation to work groups and their political articulations, as well as psychological suffering and illness. Based on the pertinent bibliography and the analysis of secondary data on teleworking today, the regulation of these workers is problematized as a shaping element of the phenomenon.
The objective of this writing is a reflection on what Hobsbawn calls “identity politics”, about one of the most enigmatic actors and social subjects in the phenomenal world and social space, that ...provide a face and nuance to the unsuspected. I refer here to the children and youth grouped in “barrios”, “maras”, “gangs” and “cliques” – micro groups, micro identities – in the North Central American Triangle (NTC), considered the most dangerous area in the world, containing the countries of El Salvador, Honduras (San Pedro Sula is the most violent site in the region) and Guatemala, which are articulated by three critical, changing, and complex conditions: precariousness, the associated social violence, and transnational migrations. Likewise, some alternatives are derived from the construction of juvenile citizenship, from the culture of peace, in a cultural-artistic code, and in the social and cultural doings within these affiliations.
This paper analyzes the possibility of recognizing an employment relationship between app-based transportation companies such as UBER, and the drivers. Since these companies organize the service ...through digital platforms, their working relationship with drivers is virtual and distant, posing difficulties for the recognition of an employment relationship between the parties. The shared economy has entered the market as a new business model and its study is important to understand these new employment relationships. Our research problem considers types of work that deviate from the typical employment relationship, the focus of protection guaranteed by labor law. These employment arrangements constitute a challenge for doctrine and jurisprudence regarding their characterization as autonomous or subordinate relationships. This paper proposes that the insertion of new forms of work by technology does not authorize the non-observance of social protection and of constitutional protections that safeguard humandignity at work. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate these new models of work and employment. This paper presents a descriptive study based on a bibliographic research, with qualitative results using a descriptive and exploratory methodology.
Trade unions have been charged with neglecting labour market ‘outsiders’, while alternative actors have emerged to represent these. In response, unions have stepped up their claim to be ...representative of all workers, without distinction. We review the theoretical and policy debates on this issue, and argue that representation as such has been under-theorized. We draw on Saward’s concept of ‘representative claims’ to analyse the different grounds for competing assertions of representativeness. We identify four main forms of claims, and illustrate these with empirical examples. We conclude that these different claims are mutually reinforcing in stimulating attention to the outsiders, and in their interaction with institutional settings, they have a performative effect in defining new social actors.
Director Kivu Ruhorahoza's film Europa: 'Based on a True Story' is a blend of fiction, quasi-ethnography and autobiography. In this article, built in part on the foundations of Judith Butler's ...conceptualizations of precariousness, precarity and assembly,
Europa is read as a refusal to be relegated to the marginal spectrality of bare life. Simultaneously, this article considers the draft-like provisionality of the film as a hallmark of its precarity. Framed as an essay film about the fate of an African director who attempts to make a
film 'out of Africa', Europa provides a meditation on belonging and the precarious conditions of filming in Europe with an African passport. As Nandini Sikand writes, 'the assumption of ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation is that by living and learning
for an extended period alongside our informants, we are able to document and analyze their experience more accurately' (2015: 45). Ruhorahoza's film compels us to think about the position of the participant observer when the 'extended period' involves an agonizingly
long asylum case, and when that observer is relegated to a space of unbelonging.
This paper critically discusses the relationship between new workspaces, such as Coworking Spaces (CSs), professionals using such spaces, and the related work patterns, looking at the Italian context ...in particular. There appears to be a mismatch between the educational level of such workers, their expertise and expected professional status on the one hand, and their reality in terms of employment precariousness and low income, on the other. It appears that CSs and, more in general, new shared workspaces act more as shelters from a difficult and exclusionary job market than as mainly ‘serendipity accelerators’. The hypothesis of this article is that, through a careful interpretation of the emerging dimensions and spatial effects of CSs, it is possible to more clearly identify some dynamics of inclusion and exclusion on the one hand, and of sharing and competition on the other, that characterize the job path of new knowledge-based occupational groups.
Individualisés par l’externalisation du travail, les travailleurs forment toujours des collectifs à partir d’activités non institutionnalisées, où la recherche d’emploi fait partie du travail. Cela ...entraîne un bouche-à-oreille consistant à faire circuler des informations en mobilisant des interconnaissances. Une analyse du bouche-à-oreille dans le travail intérimaire aux chantiers navals de Saint-Nazaire permet d’observer en quoi cette activité est le socle d’un collectif diffus et de mettre en évidence la centralité des phénomènes de réputation dans son fonctionnement. La réputation consiste à juger en permanence les travailleurs et les employeurs, mais aussi les personnes qui font circuler les informations. Elle vise à définir la confiance qu’il est possible d’accorder à ces gens. La constitution d’un certain milieu ouvrier autour du bouche-à-oreille est d’abord présentée à partir d’un double terrain : un bar et un paquebot en construction. Je montre ensuite en quoi les réputations des travailleurs mesurent leur insertion dans des collectifs, en impliquant d’autres scènes sociales que celle du travail. Enfin, les façons dont les travailleurs tentent de contrôler leurs réputations permettront de voir comment certains les utilisent et de mettre au jour des formes d’engrenage, où la réputation peut autant aider le travailleur que le pénaliser.
Background
This article reports the results of a rapid scoping review of the literature on COVID‐19 transmission risk to workers in essential sectors such as retail, health care, manufacturing, and ...agriculture, and more particularly the experiences of workers in precarious employment and social situations.
Methods
Following scoping review methods, we included 30 studies that varied in terms of methodology and theoretical approaches. The search included peer‐reviewed articles and grey literature published between March and September 2020.
Results
Based on the studies reviewed, we found that COVID‐19 infection and death rates increased not only with age and comorbidities, but also with discrimination and structural inequities based on racism and sexism. Racial and ethnic minority workers, including migrant workers, are concentrated in high‐risk occupations and this concentration is correlated to lower socioeconomic conditions. The COVID‐19 pandemic appears in the occupational health and safety spotlight as an exacerbator of already existing socioeconomic inequalities and social inequalities in health, especially in light of the intersection of issues related to racism, ethnic minority status, and sexism.
Conclusions
This review provides early evidence about the limitations of institutions' responses to the pandemic, and their capacity to provide a safe and decent working environment for all workers, regardless of their employment status or the social protections they may enjoy under normal circumstances. It is also important to think about these issues in the postpandemic context, when conditions of precariousness and vulnerability persist and possibly worsen.
En 2013, se implementó una política gubernamental de Reforma Educativa en la educación básica mexicana con el objetivo de darle a los niños y jóvenes maestros más preparados, escuelas bien ...construidas y equipadas, y además la posibilidad de seguir estudiando más y mejor. Al cierre del gobierno que puso en marcha la Reforma, es pertinente hacer una revisión de los saldos que deja la implementación de esta política en la gestión y el desarrollo del trabajo docente en los maestros de educación básica pública. Las formulaciones políticas de innovación y cambio en la educación y el trabajo de los docentes en México, descritas en esta reforma, se inscriben en la lógica internacional que ha ido generando una nueva definición de las relaciones entre la escuela y la sociedad. Estas políticas no sólo implican la existencia de nuevos marcos legales y lineamientos de actuación, sino que instituyen un programa político e ideológico que ha establecido una nueva orientación, objetivos y voluntad en la sociedad. Las nuevas regulaciones de la gestión y práctica de la docencia pública vinculan la política, cultura, economía y el Estado, a través de pautas que cubren los ámbitos de la cotidianidad educativa y el accionar de los sujetos inmersos en este ámbito desde la gestión y organización administrativa, académica y de contenidos, hasta la reconfiguración del sentido de la docencia desde una visión enfocada en la eficacia y eficiencia racionalista. En el presente artículo se presentan de manera exploratoria, los saldos en materia laboral y de sentido de la docencia pública, a partir de la implementación de la Reforma Educativa.
Materialist theories of disability link disability and labor, hypothesizing that under neoliberalism, disability stigma contributes to labor market precarity. These claims have not been evaluated ...empirically and the mediating role of the state remains underspecified. Ethnographic fieldwork in a job training program for people with psychiatric disabilities reveals two contradictions in the welfare state treatment of disability. First, disability benefits are set at low levels, yet means-testing limits earnings, channeling people with disabilities into low-wage jobs. Second, contradictory imperatives attached to state funding incentivize placement in temporary jobs. These welfare state contradictions produce disabled workers as a precarious labor force.
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