•Hydrogen storage-based intelligent parking lot (IPL) of electric vehicles is studied.•Information gap decision theory (IGDT) is proposed to model price uncertainty.•Risk-averse, risk-neutral, and ...risk-taker strategies are obtained based on IGDT.•Optimal bidding strategy of IPL is obtained to submit the power market.•Demand response program is used to manage peak load.
In a near future, electric vehicles (EVs) will constitute considerable part of transportation systems due to their important aspects such as being environment friendly. To manage high number of EVs, developing hydrogen storage-based intelligent parking lots (IPLs) can help power system operators to overcome caused problems by high penetration of EVs. In this work, a new method is applied to get optimal management of IPLs in an uncertain environment and provide optimal bidding curves to take part in power market. The main purpose of this work is to get optimal bidding curves with considering power price uncertainty and optimal operation of IPLs. To model uncertainty of power price in the power market and develop optimal bidding curve, the opportunity, deterministic and robustness functions of the information gap decision theory (IGDT) technique has been developed. Obtained results has been presented in three strategies namely risk-taker, risk-neutral, and risk-averse corresponding to opportunity, deterministic, and robustness functions of the IGDT technique. In order to demonstrate the effects of demand response program (DRP), each strategy is optimized with and without DRP cases. The mixed-integer non-linear programming model is used to formulate the proposed problem which is solved using the GAMS optimization software under DICOPT solver.
"Secrets of Price Optimization Revealed!" Let me take you back five years for a moment. While I was working on my online business with about 12 months of experience and one measly website under my ...belt,.
Along with China's rapid industrialization and urbanization, challenges in reducing pollution and CO2 emissions are increasing. One of the major approaches to coordinate economic growth and ...environmental protection is to substitute coal-fired power with renewable energy. Since 2003, in order to promote wind power development, China has put in place many support policies which fall into either price policy category or non-price policy category. By using a variable intercept and mixed regression model with provincial panel data during 2001–2013, we analyzed the impacts of both categories on the increase of installed capacity in areas with different wind resources. We found that price policy and two non-price policies had positive impacts on the increase of wind power installation, price policy played a greater role than non-price policy did in promoting wind power development, and price policy was more effective in areas with poor wind resources, whilst non- price policy was more effective in areas with rich wind resources. Built on these findings, conclusions and policy recommendations are provided at the end of the paper.
•We study the impact of price policy on China's new wind power capacity.•Four non-price policies impact on China's new wind power capacity is studied.•Price policy is more effective in wind power increase than non-price policy.•Price policy is more effective than non-price policy in wind non-rich areas.•Non-price policy is more effective than price policy in wind rich areas.
Nurturing population and global demand for food are putting pressure on agricultural prices. Prices are a complicated prodigy. A cobweb model is innate in agricultural price policy. Setting the ...prices is the most difficult task for firms and the government. Meta‐analysis, and scientific and political policy analysis were approached to validate the results. The main objective of the paper is to review and analyze various agricultural price policies continent wise and selected country wise and formulate new global price policy for developed and developing countries. The study revealed that not only micro and macroeconomic indicators but also the environmental factors such as the COVID pandemic influence the prices, which may affect the producers and consumers either directly or indirectly based on the review of global prices effects. Market price supports, direct payments to producers, and reduced tariffs through trade agreements are the most common policies existing almost in all countries globally. The government must watch whether the planned policies are implemented successfully or not. The study suggests that the new Global price policy for developed countries is that they must equate international prices to domestic prices and for low‐ and middle‐income countries is that international prices + 20% to protect farmer's welfare coupled with WTO should discipline global trade with stable prices. High optimistic expectations, inadequate collaborative policymaking, dispersed governance, and the vagaries of the political cycle were the four main reasons for the failure of existing policies. Therefore, politicization is compulsory but not sufficient to illuminate accepting international organization norms and agricultural policies toward sustainable agriculture.
With the development of Chinese economy, more and more attention has been paid to environmental protection, the implementation of water price policy affects economic and environmental changes in ...China. This paper analyzes the impact of water price policy on agricultural land use and the scale of water pollution discharge in 240 cities in China between 2001 and 2017, by including data from China Urban Statistical Yearbook and China Land & Resources Almanac. The theoretical analysis of this study indicates that the optimal scale of pollution depends on the local initial endowment, economic investment capital and the marginal cost of environmental pollution caused by government's economic activities. Furtherly, the economic activities have a worsening impact on environmental pollution, but when the government implements environmental protection and water price policy measures in response to environmental pollution caused by economic activities, it has a significant impact on the decline in the scale of pollution. The government has promoted the pollution suppression model in the formulation of water prices, which has internalized the external cost of pollution in economic activities and can effectively reduce the scale of agricultural water pollution discharge.
•The impacts of water price policy on agricultural land use and the scale of water pollution discharge in 240 cities in China.•A theory includes the budget of government and household, the optimal pollution solved by comparative analysis.•The optimal scale of pollution depends on the initial endowment, economic investment capital and the marginal pollution cost.•Local governments in China respond rationally to political incentives through land supply or related economic policies.
China promotes the development of the offshore wind industry to reduce CO2 emissions, tackle air pollution, commit to the Paris Climate Agreement and develop a strategic emerging industry. The ...installed capacity of offshore wind power in China reached 4445 MW in 2018 which was ranked third in the world. Big developers dominated the offshore wind energy market with domestic turbines. Many projects are under construction. The offshore wind industry in China has experienced four stages of price policy: demonstration, concession, feed-in tariff and market-oriented competition policy. Nevertheless, it is impossible to expand the installed capacity, lower the on-grid price (cost) and reduce the subsidy for the offshore wind power industry at the same time. This is the trilemma (impossible trinity) that needs to be addressed by the price policy. In the past decade, China has implemented an evolving price policy, i.e., a system and mechanism that encourage firms to invest in the offshore wind industry to expand the capacity of the industry by setting price and providing subsidy and other benefits. An overall evaluation based on the indicators of installed capacity, price, subsidy, spatial distribution, technology and industrial linkage shows that the price policy has been effective in balancing capacity, price and subsidy up to now. However, lowering the price and reducing the subsidy will be the major challenges that China has to overcome in the coming years in order to sustain its current growth trend. To boost the development of its offshore wind industry further, China needs to implement a market-oriented competition price policy and mechanism, learn from the experience of price policy evolution in European countries and open the market to foreign investors.
•The offshore wind industry of China has achieved a great leap forward in the past decade.•Addressing the trilemma capacity, price and subsidyis more critical for the offshore wind industry in China than for European countries.•Evolution of price policy for offshore wind demonstrates the flexibility and resilience of Chinese policy.•The price policy success is indicated by capacity, price, subsidy, spatial distribution, technology and industrial linkage.•Lowering the price and reducing the subsidy should be the priorities of the new price policy.
As a major share expenditure for the poor, rice is attributed as a strategic food commodity in the Indonesian economy. For many decades, the Indonesian rice market has been intervened by the price ...regulation. The Indonesian government had set two types of rice price policies of 2016 and 2017 with the argument of price stabilization during the last five years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of price policies of 2016 and 2017 on the domestic price dynamics in the Indonesian rice market. This study used daily price series taken from the Cipinang Wholesale Rice Market in Jakarta within the period of October 1st, 2014, until February 12th, 2018 covering 10 rice varieties. The role of price policy on the price dynamics was evaluated by using a multivariate error correction model (MVECM). The empirical findings confirmed that generally, these price policies had different effects on the price dynamics which proposed different reactions from the different rice varieties both in magnitude and signs. The variations were also found regarding the short-run and long-run behavior. Generally, the findings suggested a relatively small elasticity of the policy on the prices.
•This research is based on 149.95 thousand microblog posts.•We find the causes of different sentiments based on the LDA model•The rise of electricity price does not lead to negative sentiments.•The ...evolution of residents' sentiments towards policy is divided into three stages.•Residents show different sentiments towards policy in different seasons
According to the theory of sentiment motivation, residents' sentiments are an important factor affecting residents' electricity consumption behavior. Based on 149.95 thousand microblog posts and natural language processing methods, we analyze the time-varying characteristic, seasonal characteristic and mechanism of residents' sentiments towards electricity pricy policy. The main results are as follows. (1) Although the step tariff policy leads to the rise of electricity price, residents show positive sentiments to electricity price policy. (2) The intensity of residents’ sentiments is characterized by three stages. In the early stage, residents' sentiments towards electricity pricy policy are the most negative. In the middle stage, residents’ negative sentiments towards policy gradually decreases. In the later stage, residents show positive sentiments as a whole. (3) Residents' sentiments towards policy show obvious seasonal difference. Residents' negative sentiments show the highest intensity and obvious convergence characteristic in summer, mainly around 0, while residents' sentiments towards policy diverge in a positive direction in winter. (4) Residents' negative sentiments towards electricity policy result from smart meters, electric heating, renewable energy development and electric sector. The driving forces of residents' positive sentiments towards policy include policy cognition, public participation and policy content. Social media data provides real-time feedback on policy, which is of great significance to the formulation and improvement of policy.
•The connection price can be set according to the rate of return regulation model.•Connection price policy reform will increase social welfare in the long run.•Connection price policy reform will ...reduce social welfare in the short run.•Policy reform’s impact on social welfare relates to connection coststransfer mode.•How connection costs are shared will affect social welfare after the policy reform.
To reduce the electricity costs of the whole society and promote the fair sharing of dedicated power grid connection costs, the Chinese government plans to explore and implement the electricity user connection price policy reform. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to explore the potential social welfare effect of the reform. Based on the principle of costs fair allocation, this paper constructs a two-part connection pricing model with the goal of minimizing the electricity costs of the whole society, and theoretically analyzes the impact of the electricity user connection price policy reform on social welfare, including consumer surplus and grid enterprise profit in the short run and long run, which under the scenarios where the connection costs are borne by the grid enterprise or the government and transferred to the electricity consumers through connection price or taxes respectively, and further selected financial data of State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid from 2016 to 2020 for numerical simulation test. The results show that: The electricity user connection price policy reform should be carried out in the way that grid enterprise only charge connection price from dedicated power grid users, and the connection price should be formulated using the rate of return regulation model. Although this policy reform will lose about 3.11 % of social welfare in the short run, it will increase social welfare by about 0.48 % in the long run. For every 0.1 % increase in the proportion of the connection costs in the transmission and distribution costs, social welfare will increase by about 0.177 billion RMB. In addition, the redistribution between the dedicated power grid users’ consumer surplus and the grid enterprise profit can be realized by adjusting the proportion of the connection costs borne by dedicated power grid users, thereby achieving different policy goals.
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