Salinization is one of the greatest threats in agriculture field limiting the growth and productivity of crops. Soil salinization directly affects the physiological, biochemical, and molecular ...functions of plants. The Plants adopt various tolerance mechanisms to combat salinity stress by involving complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular or gene networks. Various techniques have been used to improve plant growth and productivity through genetic approach, genetic engineering and plant breeding. However, economic feasibility and ease of application can create a huge scope for priming techniques as a “stress reliever” in agricultural crop production. Seed priming is a simple, low-cost technique that enhances germination and seedling establishment by activating various physiological and metabolic processes. Priming regulates molecular mechanisms through increased expression of various stress related genes and proteins, which accelerates stress and cross tolerance. Priming memory and epigenetic changes enables the plants to withstand salinity stress by alterations in key signaling molecules, transcription factors, and change in chromatin states, that will be crucial for the second stress. In this way, priming can both mediate stress tolerance and initiate overarching stress tolerance to a wide range of stresses that further modify gene expression and enhance crop production. This review paper addresses some physiochemical, molecular and trans-generational mechanisms regulating plant adaptation and tolerance/cross tolerance to salinity in primed seeds/seedlings.
•Seed priming is the state of readiness which keep plants in an alert mode.•Seed priming is a cost effective strategy and thus reduces the energy expenditure during stress condition.•Cis and trans/cross priming are effective for developing tolerance against salinity.•Seed priming induces different defense mechanisms in seeds/seedlings against salinity stress.•Seed priming activates priming memory and results in trans-generational memory.
Stimulus–response bindings in priming Henson, Richard N; Eckstein, Doris; Waszak, Florian ...
Trends in cognitive sciences,
07/2014, Letnik:
18, Številka:
7
Journal Article
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Highlights • S–R bindings are more flexible and pervasive than previously thought. • S–R bindings can simultaneously encode multiple stimulus and response representations. • S–R bindings can be ...encoded or retrieved in the absence of attention or awareness. • S–R bindings complicate interpretations of priming, but are interesting in their own right. • S–R bindings enable rapid yet context-dependent behaviors.
The affect misattribution procedure (AMP) is one of the most promising implicit measures to date, showing high reliability and large effect sizes. The current research tested three potential sources ...of priming effects in the AMP: affective feelings, semantic concepts, and prepotent motor responses. Ruling out prepotent motor responses as a driving force, priming effects on evaluative and semantic target responses occurred regardless of whether the key assignment in the task was fixed or random. Moreover, priming effects emerged for affect-eliciting primes in the absence of semantic knowledge about the primes. Finally, priming effects were independent of the order in which primes and targets were presented, suggesting that AMP effects are driven by misattribution rather than biased perceptions of the targets. Taken together, these results support accounts that attribute priming effects in the AMP to a general misattribution mechanism that can operate on either affective feelings or semantic concepts.
Studies examining priming in autobiographical memory are fewer in number (some two dozen) compared to other areas (e.g., semantic memory priming), which have seen hundreds of studies. Nevertheless, ...autobiographical memory priming studies have utilised quite a number of different experimental paradigms, with many having interesting ecological implications. This paper reviews the bulk of these studies. It discusses the various theoretical implications of these studies, past and present. It suggests numerous future directions in this area, as the study of priming in autobiographical memory has had significant implications, despite the small number of studies, and it offers enormous future potential.
•Seed priming of vegetables beneficial for improving productivity under open field and greenhouse.•Reduces time for emergence, cost of reseeding and improves uniformity, effectiveness of cultural ...practices.•Non-invasive treatments advantageous than conventional priming.•DNA repair, epigenetic modification, aquaporins, ROS/RNS signaling have a role in priming response.
Vegetable crops benefit from seed priming technology by their low volume and high value. Early sowing of vegetables under suboptimal environments is practised often to fetch better remuneration in the market, although simultaneously it compels the farmers to use high seed rates to compensate for poor seedling emergence. To tackle this problem, farmers and seed companies world over practice on-farm and wet/dry priming techniques of seeds as it facilitates synchrony in flowering and fruiting, resulting in improved yields. The various priming strategies used for seed treatment are classified into: conventional/invasive (hydro-, osmo-, hormonal, halo-, solid matrix, nutrient, bio- or nano-priming) and physical/non-invasive (magneto, UV-irradiation, γ-radiation, cold plasma, electron and laser priming). The farmers can reap the benefits of seed priming as it minimizes (i) the time for plant emergence, (ii) expense of re-seeding, (iii) additional irrigation and fertilization, (iv) weed management, (v) ineffectiveness of cultural practices used on a stand of non-uniform growth. This review discusses the recent details about various seed priming techniques used for the enhancement of germination rate as well as vigor in vegetable crops. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the priming effects have also been comprehensively reviewed to explain the scientific basis of the technology.
In 1990, Bock and Loebell found that passives (e.g., The 747 was radioed by the airport’s control tower) can be primed by intransitive locatives (e.g., The 747 was landing by the airport’s control ...tower). This finding is often taken as strong evidence that structural priming occurs on the basis of a syntactic phrase structure that abstracts across lexical content, including prepositions, and is uninfluenced by the semantic roles of the arguments. However, all of the intransitive locative primes in Bock and Loebell contained the preposition by (by-locatives), just like the passive targets. Therefore, the locative-to-passive priming may have been due to the adjunct headed by by, rather than being a result of purely abstract syntax. The present experiment investigates this possibility. We find that passives and intransitive by-locatives are equivalent primes, but intransitive locatives with other prepositions (e.g., The 747 has landed near the airport control tower) do not prime passives. We conclude that a shared abstract, content-less tree structure is not sufficient for passive priming to occur. We then review the prior results that have been offered in favor of abstract tree priming, and note the range of evidence can be considerably narrowed—and possibly eliminated—once effects of animacy, semantic event structure, shared morphology, information structure, and rhythm are taken into account.
Recent research has shown that the activation of semantic memories leads to the activation of autobiographical memories. Known as semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming, this form of priming has ...been demonstrated to prime involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memories with a wide variety of different primes (i.e., various verbal and non-verbal stimuli). However, only verbal cues have been used in the memory measures, leaving open the question of how non-verbal cues might function. Our goal in the current study was to show that non-verbal cues are also involved in semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming. Participants were primed with words, and then they were treated to an involuntary autobiographical memory task (the vigilance task) where they received either word cues or pictorial cues. The results showed that both the word cues and the pictorial cues had captured primed involuntary memories on the vigilance task relative to controls. The results support the idea that semantic-to-autobiographical memory primes occur with both verbal and non-verbal cues, potentially indicating substantial cue diversity. The results also further support the idea that semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming may play an important role in the production of involuntary autobiographical memories in everyday life.
Summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a mixture of various carbon (C) compounds with different stability, which can be distinctly affected by the priming effect (PE). However, little is known about ...how the PE changes with SOC stability.
We address this issue by combining results from two experiments and a metaanalysis.
We found that the PE increased with the prolongation of soil preincubation, suggesting that higher PE occurred for more stable SOC than for labile SOC. This was further supported by the metaanalysis of 42 observations. There were significant negative relationships between the difference in PE (ΔPE) between labile and more stable SOC and their differences in SOC, microbial biomass C and soil C : N ratio, indicating that soil C availability exerts a vital control on ΔPE.
We conclude that, compared with labile SOC, stable SOC can be more vulnerable to priming once microbes are provided with exogenous C substrates. This high vulnerability of stable SOC to priming warrants more attention in future studies on SOC cycling and global change.
It has become increasingly apparent that the biomechanical properties of neutrophils impact on their trafficking through the circulation and in particularly through the pulmonary capillary bed. The ...retention of polarized or shape‐changed neutrophils in the lungs was recently proposed to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome pathogenesis. Accordingly, this study tested the hypothesis that neutrophil priming is coupled to morpho‐rheological (MORE) changes capable of altering cell function. We employ real‐time deformability cytometry (RT‐DC), a recently developed, rapid, and sensitive way to assess the distribution of size, shape, and deformability of thousands of cells within seconds. During RT‐DC analysis, neutrophils can be easily identified within anticoagulated “whole blood” due to their unique granularity and size, thus avoiding the need for further isolation techniques, which affect biomechanical cell properties. Hence, RT‐DC is uniquely suited to describe the kinetics of MORE cell changes. We reveal that, following activation or priming, neutrophils undergo a short period of cell shrinking and stiffening, followed by a phase of cell expansion and softening. In some contexts, neutrophils ultimately recover their un‐primed mechanical phenotype. The mechanism(s) underlying changes in human neutrophil size are shown to be Na+/H+ antiport‐dependent and are predicted to have profound implications for neutrophil movement through the vascular system in health and disease.
Real‐time deformability cytometry demonstrates that primed neutrophils initially contract and then expand in a Na+/H+ antiport‐dependent manner, with the latter phase associated with increased deformability.
The Influence of Working Memory Load on Semantic Priming Heyman, Tom; Van Rensbergen, Bram; Storms, Gert ...
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition,
05/2015, Letnik:
41, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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The present research examines the nature of the different processes that have been proposed to underlie semantic priming. Specifically, it has been argued that priming arises as a result of automatic ...target activation and/or the use of strategies like prospective expectancy generation and retrospective semantic matching. This article investigates the extent that these processes rely on cognitive resources by experimentally manipulating working memory load. To disentangle prospective and retrospective processes, prime-target pairs were selected such that they were symmetrically associated (e.g., answer-question; SYM) or asymmetrically associated in either the forward direction (e.g., panda-bear; FA) or the backward direction (e.g., ball-catch; BA). The results showed that priming for FA pairs completely evaporated under a high working memory load but that it remained stable for BA and SYM pairs. This was taken to mean that prospective processes, which are assumed to cause FA priming, require cognitive resources, whereas retrospective processes, which lead to BA priming, are relatively effortless.
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