The recent Institute of Medicine report on prevention (
National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2009
) noted the substantial interrelationship among mental, emotional, and behavioral ...disorders and pointed out that, to a great extent, these problems stem from a set of common conditions. However, despite the evidence, current research and practice continue to deal with the prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders as if they are unrelated and each stems from different conditions. This article proposes a framework that could accelerate progress in preventing these problems. Environments that foster successful development and prevent the development of psychological and behavioral problems are usefully characterized as nurturing environments. First, these environments minimize biologically and psychologically toxic events. Second, they teach, promote, and richly reinforce prosocial behavior, including self-regulatory behaviors and all of the skills needed to become productive adult members of society. Third, they monitor and limit opportunities for problem behavior. Fourth, they foster psychological flexibility-the ability to be mindful of one's thoughts and feelings and to act in the service of one's values even when one's thoughts and feelings discourage taking valued action. We review evidence to support this synthesis and describe the kind of public health movement that could increase the prevalence of nurturing environments and thereby contribute to the prevention of most mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. This article is one of three in a special section (see also
Muñoz Beardslee, & Leykin, 2012
;
Yoshikawa, Aber, & Beardslee, 2012
) representing an elaboration on a theme for prevention science developed by the 2009 report of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine.
This paper carries out a comparison of the fitness landscape for four classic optimization problems: Max-Sat, graph-coloring, traveling salesman, and quadratic assignment. We have focused on two ...types of properties, local average properties of the landscape, and properties of the local optima. For the local optima we give a fairly comprehensive description of the properties, including the expected time to reach a local optimum, the number of local optima at different cost levels, the distance between optima, and the expected probability of reaching the optima. Principle component analysis is used to understand the correlations between the local optima. Most of the properties that we examine have not been studied previously, particularly those concerned with properties of the local optima. We compare and contrast the behavior of the four different problems. Although the problems are very different at the low level, many of the long-range properties exhibit a remarkable degree of similarity.
Open mathematical modelling problems that can be solved with multiple methods and have multiple possible results are an important part of school curricula in mathematics and science. Solving open ...modelling problems in school should prepare students to apply their mathematical knowledge in their current and future lives. One characteristic of these problems is that information that is essential for solving the problems is missing. In the present study, we aimed to analyze students’ cognitive barriers while they solved open modelling problems, and we evaluated the effects of instructional prompts on their success in solving such problems. A quantitative experimental study (
N
= 263) and a qualitative study (
N
= 4) with secondary school students indicated that identifying unknown quantities and making numerical assumptions about these quantities are important cognitive barriers to solving open modelling problems. Task-specific instructional prompts helped students overcome these barriers and improved their solution rates. Students who were given instructional prompts included numerical assumptions in their solutions more often than students who were not given such prompts. These findings contribute to theories about solving open modelling problems by uncovering cognitive barriers and describing students’ cognitive processes as they solve these problems. In addition, the findings contribute to improving teaching practice by indicating the potential and limitations of task-specific instructional prompts that can be used to support students’ solution processes in the classroom.
While maternal at-risk drinking is associated with children's emotional and behavioral problems, there is a paucity of research that properly accounts for genetic confounding and gene-environment ...interplay. Therefore, it remains uncertain what mechanisms underlie these associations. We assess the moderation of associations between maternal at-risk drinking and childhood emotional and behavioral problems by common genetic variants linked to environmental sensitivity (genotype-by-environment G × E interaction) while accounting for shared genetic risk between mothers and offspring (GE correlation).
We use data from 109 727 children born to 90 873 mothers enrolled in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Women self-reported alcohol consumption and reported emotional and behavioral problems when children were 1.5/3/5 years old. We included child polygenic scores (PGSs) for traits linked to environmental sensitivity as moderators.
Associations between maternal drinking and child emotional (
= 0.04 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03-0.05) and behavioral (
= 0.07 0.06-0.08) outcomes attenuated after controlling for measured confounders and were almost zero when we accounted for unmeasured confounding (emotional:
= 0.01 0.00-0.02; behavioral:
= 0.01 0.00-0.02). We observed no moderation of these adjusted exposure effects by any of the PGS.
The lack of strong evidence for G × E interaction may indicate that the mechanism is not implicated in this kind of intergenerational association. It may also reflect insufficient power or the relatively benign nature of the exposure in this sample.
We analyze a class of initial-boundary value problems for the Degasperis–Procesi equation on the half-line. Assuming that the solution u(x,t) exists, we show that it can be recovered from its initial ...and boundary values via the solution of a Riemann–Hilbert problem formulated in the plane of the complex spectral parameter k.
Wicked Problems Head, Brian W.; Alford, John
Administration & society,
08/2015, Letnik:
47, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The concept of “wicked problems” has attracted increasing focus in policy research, but the implications for public organizations have received less attention. This article examines the main ...organizational and cognitive dimensions emerging from the research literature on wicked problems. We identify several recent approaches to addressing problem complexity and stakeholder divergence based on the literatures on systems thinking, collaboration and coordination, and the adaptive leadership roles of public leaders and managers. We raise some challenges for public management in some key functional areas of government—strategy making, organizational design, people management, and performance measurement. We argue that provisional solutions can be developed, despite the difficulties of reforming governance processes to address wicked problems more effectively.
Solving mathematical ( math ) word problems (MWP) automatically is a challenging research problem in natural language processing , machine learning , and education (learning) technology domains, ...which has gained momentum in the recent years. Applications of solving varieties of MWPs can increase the efficacy of teaching-learning systems, such as e-learning systems , intelligent tutoring systems , etc., to help improve learning (or teaching) to solve word problems by providing interactive computer support for peer math tutoring. This article is specifically intended to benefit such teaching-learning systems on arithmetic word problems solving by adding an interactive and intelligent word problem solver to assess an individual's learning outcome. This article presents arithmetic mathematical word problems solver (AMWPS), an educational software application for solving arithmetic word problems involving single equation with single operation . This article is based on a combination of a machine learning based (classification) approach and a rule-based approach. We start with classification of arithmetic word problems into four categories ( Change , Compare , Combine , and Division-Multiplication ) along with their subcategories, followed by the classification of operations (+, -, *, and /) related to different subcategories. Our system processes an input arithmetic word problem, predicts the category and subcategory, predicts the operation, identifies and retrieves the relevant quantities within the problem with respect to answer generation, and formulates and evaluates the mathematical expression to generate the final answer. AMWPS outperformed similar systems on the standard AddSub and SingleOp datasets and produced new state-of-the-art result (94.22% accuracy).
Numerous adolescents in the United States experience peer cybervictimization, which is associated with a series of internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety, anger) and externalizing (e.g., ...aggression, substance use, risky sexual behavior) problems. The current study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing research on these relationships. Included in the meta-analyses are 239 effect sizes from 55 reports, representing responses from 257,678 adolescents. The results of a series of random effects meta-analyses using robust variance estimation indicated positive and significant relationships between peer cybervictimization and a series of internalizing and externalizing problems, with point estimates of this relationship ranging from Pearson’s
r
= .14 to .34. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Shrinking Cities: Urban Challenges of Globalization MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ, CRISTINA; AUDIRAC, IVONNE; FOL, SYLVIE ...
International journal of urban and regional research,
March 2012, Letnik:
36, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Urban shrinkage is not a new phenomenon. It has been documented in a large literature analyzing the social and economic issues that have led to population flight, resulting, in the worse cases, in ...the eventual abandonment of blocks of housing and neighbourhoods. Analysis of urban shrinkage should take into account the new realization that this phenomenon is now global and multidimensional — but also little understood in all its manifestations. Thus, as the world's population increasingly becomes urban, orthodox views of urban decline need redefinition. The symposium includes articles from 10 urban analysts working on 30 cities around the globe. These analysts belong to the Shrinking Cities International Research Network (SCIRN), whose collaborative work aims to understand different types of city shrinkage and the role that different approaches, policies and strategies have played in the regeneration of these cities. In this way the symposium will inform both a rich diversity of analytical perspectives and country‐based studies of the challenges faced by shrinking cities. It will also disseminate SCIRN's research results from the last 3 years.
Résumé
La décroissance urbaine n'est pas un phénomène nouveau. De nombreux travaux ont analysé les problèmes sociaux et économiques conduisant au départ de populations et résultant dans les pires des cas à l'abandon d'îlots d'habitat et de quartiers entiers. Cependant, l'étude de la décroissance urbaine doit aujourd'hui tenir compte du constat récent selon lequel ce phénomène est désormais global et multidimensionnel, tout en restant peu appréhendé dans toutes ses composantes. Ainsi, alors que la population mondiale est de plus en plus urbaine, les conceptions classiques du déclin urbain méritent d'être réexaminées. Ce symposium inclut des articles de dix chercheurs travaillant sur trente villes à travers le monde. Ils appartiennent au Shrinking Cities International Research Netwok (SCIRN), dont le travail collectif a pour objectif d'analyser différents types de décroissance urbaine et le rôle que les multiples approches, politiques et stratégies ont joué dans la régénération des villes touchées par ce processus. Ce numéro s'appuie sur une diversité d'approches et sur l'étude de contextes urbains variés, ayant pour point commun d'être concernés par les enjeux de la décroissance urbaine. Il permet de diffuser les résultats des recherches menées au sein du SCIRN au cours des trois dernières années.
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